<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2"
         xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id>ZYGO</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Zygon®</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title/>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn pub-type="print">0591-2385</issn>
         <issn pub-type="electronic">1467-9744</issn>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-9744.1986.tb00742.x</article-id>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>BRAIN SCIENCE AND THE HUMAN SPIRIT</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Trevarthen</surname>
                  <given-names>Colwyn</given-names>
               </name>
            </contrib>
         </contrib-group>
         <aff id="a1"/>
         <pub-date publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="1986-06-02">
            <day>02</day>
            <month>06</month>
            <year>1986</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>21</volume>
         <issue>2</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/zygo.1986.21.issue-2</issue-id>
         <fpage>161</fpage>
         <lpage>200</lpage>
         <permissions/>
         <abstract>
            <p>Abstract.  In recent decades of its brief history, brain science has shed light on the source of motives. We review the chemistry and anatomy of the neural core of human motivation; it seems to penetrate the hemispheric cognitive fields asymmetrically, subjecting them to differing evaluations by self‐organizing states of mind. The brain core generates and responds to the rhythm and color of emotions, giving moral control to relationships and setting values and meanings in communication. The newborn human mind is ready to share transcendent states with an empathic partner. Fantasy‐making play of a child in friendships presages adult rituals. Mystic rites and mythic symbols express feelings essential to time‐ and space‐defying cooperation within the ancestral culture.</p>
         </abstract>
         <counts/>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body/>
   <back>
      <ref-list>
         <ref id="b1">
            <mixed-citation id="cit1" publication-type="book">Arbib, Michael A.1984. “<source>From Synergies and Embryos to Motor Schemas 
        </source>. 
In Human Motor Actions: Bernstein Reassessed, ed. 
H. T. A.Whiting, 545–552. 
            Amsterdam
          : North Holland.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b2">
            <mixed-citation id="cit2" publication-type="book">Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. 
            New York
          : Ballantine. (See paper entitled “A theory of play and fantasy.”)</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b3">
            <mixed-citation id="cit3" publication-type="book">Bettelheim, Bruno. 1977. The Uses of Enchantment. 
            New York
          : Vintage Books.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b4">
            <mixed-citation id="cit4" publication-type="book">Blakemore, Colin. 1977. Mechanics of the Mind. 
            Cambridge
          : Cambridge Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b5">
            <mixed-citation id="cit5" publication-type="book">Bradshaw, John L. and 
N. C.Nettleton. 1983. Human Cerebral Asymmetry. 
            Englewood Cliffs
            , 
            N.J.
          : Prentice‐Hall.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b6">
            <mixed-citation id="cit6" publication-type="journal">Broca, Paul. 1865. “Sur la Faculte de Language Articule. 
<source>Bulletin de la Societe de Anthropologie, Paris 
        </source>6:337–93.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b7">
            <mixed-citation id="cit7" publication-type="book">Collins, Randall. 1984. “<source>The Role of Emotion in Social Structure 
        </source>. 
In Approaches to Emotion, ed. 
Klaus P.Scherer and 
PaulEkman, 385–96. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b8">
            <mixed-citation id="cit8" publication-type="book">Corballis, Michael. 1983. Human Laterality. 
            New York
          : Academic Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b9">
            <mixed-citation id="cit9" publication-type="journal">Damasio, A. R. and 
R. G.Maurer. 1978. “A Neurological Model for Childhood Autism. 
<source>Archives of Neurology 
        </source>35:777–86.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b10">
            <mixed-citation id="cit10" publication-type="book">Damasio, A. R. and 
G. W.vanHoesen. 1983. “<source>Emotional Disturbances Associated with Focal Lesions of the Limbic Frontal Lobe 
        </source>. 
In Neuropsychology of Human Emotion, ed. 
Kenneth M.Heilman and 
PaulSatz, 85–110. 
            London
          : Guilford Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b11">
            <mixed-citation id="cit11" publication-type="journal">D'Aquili, Eugene G.1983. “The Myth‐Ritual Complex: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis. 
<source>Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 
        </source>18 (September):247–69.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b12">
            <mixed-citation id="cit12" publication-type="book">D'Aquili, Eugene G. and 
Charles D.Laughlin, Jr.1979. “<source>The Neurobiology of Myth and Ritual 
        </source>. 
In The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic and Structural Analysis, ed. 
Eugene G.D'Aquili<italic>et al.</italic>, 152–82. 
            New York
          : Columbia Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b13">
            <mixed-citation id="cit13" publication-type="book">Darwin, Charles. 1859. The Origin of Species. 
            London
          : Murray.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b14">
            <mixed-citation id="cit14" publication-type="book">Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 
            London
          : Murray.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b15">
            <mixed-citation id="cit15" publication-type="book">Darwin, Charles. 1872. The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals. 
            London
          : Methuen.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b16">
            <mixed-citation id="cit16" publication-type="book">Dejerine, Jules. [1895–1901] 1980. Anatomie des Centres Nerveux. 2 vols. 
            Paris
          : Masson.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b17">
            <mixed-citation id="cit17" publication-type="book">Eccles, John C.1979. The Human Mystery. 
            Berlin
          : Springer International.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b18">
            <mixed-citation id="cit18" publication-type="book">Fearing, F. [1930] 1970. Refex Action. 
            Cambridge
            , 
            Mass.
          : MIT Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b19">
            <mixed-citation id="cit19" publication-type="book">Field, Tiffany M. and 
N. A.Fox. 1985. Social Perception in Infants. 
            Norwood
            , 
            N.J.
          : Ablex.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b20">
            <mixed-citation id="cit20" publication-type="journal">Flechsig, Paul. 1901. “Developmental (Myelogenetic) Localisation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Human Subject. 
<source>Lancet 
        </source>2:1027–29.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b21">
            <mixed-citation id="cit21" publication-type="book">Flor‐Henry, Pierre. 1983. “<source>Neuropsychological Studies in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders 
        </source>. 
In Neuropsychology of Human Emotion, ed. 
Kenneth M.Heilman and 
PaulSatz, 193–217. 
            New York
          : Guilford Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b22">
            <mixed-citation id="cit22" publication-type="book">Fox, Robin. 1980. The Red Lamp of Incest. 
            New York
          : Dutton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b23">
            <mixed-citation id="cit23" publication-type="book">Fox, Robin. 1985. “<source>Sumus Ergo Cogitamus: Cognitive Science and the Western Intellectual Tradition 
        </source>. 
In Neonate Cognition, ed. 
JacquesMehler and 
RobinFox, 29–36. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b24">
            <mixed-citation id="cit24" publication-type="book">Freud, Sigmund. 1953. On Aphasia: A Critical Study. Trans. E. Stengel. 
            New York
          : International Universities Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b25">
            <mixed-citation id="cit25" publication-type="book">Freud, Sigmund. [1895] 1954. “<source>Project for a Scientific Psychology 
        </source>. 
In The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes, 347–445. 
            New York
          : Basic Books.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b26">
            <mixed-citation id="cit26" publication-type="book">Gallistel, C. R.1980. The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b27">
            <mixed-citation id="cit27" publication-type="journal">Geschwind, Norman and 
W.Levitsky. 1968. “Human Brain: Left‐Right Asymmetries in Temporal Speech Region. 
<source>Science 
        </source>161:186–87.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b28">
            <mixed-citation id="cit28" publication-type="journal">Goldman‐Rakic, Patricia S.1984. “The Frontal Lobes: Uncharted Provinces of the Brain. 
<source>Trends in Neurosciences 
        </source>7:425–29.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b29">
            <mixed-citation id="cit29" publication-type="book">Gruber, Howard E. and 
Paul H.Barrett. 1974. Darwin on Man. 
            London
          : Wildwood House.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b30">
            <mixed-citation id="cit30" publication-type="book">Halliday, Michael A. K.1975. Learning How to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language. 
            London
          : Edward Arnold.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b31">
            <mixed-citation id="cit31" publication-type="book">Handelman, Don. 1977. “<source>Play and Ritual: Complementary Frames of Metacommunication 
        </source>. 
In It's a Funny Thing, Humour, ed. 
Anthony J.Chapman and 
Hugh C.Foot, 185–92. 
            Oxford
          : Pergamon.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b32">
            <mixed-citation id="cit32" publication-type="journal">Havkin, G. Z. and 
John C.Fentress. 1985. “The Form of Combative Strategy in Interactions among Wolf Pups (Canis lupus). 
<source>Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie /Journal of Comparative Ethology 
        </source>68:177–200.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b33">
            <mixed-citation id="cit33" publication-type="book">Heilman, Kenneth M. and 
PaulSatz, eds. 1983. Neuropsychology of Human Emotion. 
            London
          : Guilford Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b34">
            <mixed-citation id="cit34" publication-type="journal">Henry, James P.1982, “The Relation of Social to Biological Processes in Disease. 
<source>Social Science and Medicine 
        </source>16:369–80.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b35">
            <mixed-citation id="cit35" publication-type="book">Herrick, Charles J.1948. The Brain of the Tiger Salamander. 
            Chicago
          : Univ. of Chicago Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b36">
            <mixed-citation id="cit36" publication-type="journal">Hertz, Robert. 1909. “La Pre‐eminence de la Main Droite: Etude sur la Polarit<source>Religieuse Revue Philosophique 
        </source>68:553–80.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b37">
            <mixed-citation id="cit37" publication-type="book">Hess, W. R.1954. Diencephalon: Autonomic and Extrapyramidal Functions. 
            New York
           Grune &amp; Stratton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b38">
            <mixed-citation id="cit38" publication-type="journal">Hoppe, I. D. and 
Joseph, E. Bogen. 1977. “Alexithymia in Twelve Commissurotomized Patients. 
<source>Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 
        </source>28:148–55.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b39">
            <mixed-citation id="cit39" publication-type="book">Hubley, Penelope and 
ColwynTrevarthen. 1979. “<source>Sharing a Task in Infancy 
        </source>. 
In Social Interaction During Infancy, ed. 
InaUzgiris, 57–80. New Directions for Child Development, No. 4. 
            San Francisco
          : Jossey‐Bass.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b40">
            <mixed-citation id="cit40" publication-type="book">HughlingsJackson, 
John. 1932. Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson, ed. 
J.Taylor. 
            London
          : Hodder &amp; Stoughton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b41">
            <mixed-citation id="cit41" publication-type="book">Huxley, Thomas H. [1863] 1913. Man's Place in Nature. 
            London
          : Watts. Originally published as Evidences as to Man's Place in Nature, 1863.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b42">
            <mixed-citation id="cit42" publication-type="book">James, William. [1890] 1950. The Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. 
            New York
          : Henry Holt.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b43">
            <mixed-citation id="cit43" publication-type="book">James, William. 1907. Pragmatism. 
            London
          : Longmans.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b44">
            <mixed-citation id="cit44" publication-type="book">Jung, Carl G.1917. Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology, 2nd ed. 
            London
          : Balliere, Tindall &amp; Cox.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b45">
            <mixed-citation id="cit45" publication-type="book">Jung, Carl G.1938. Psychology and Religion. 
            New Haven
            , 
            Conn.
          : Yale Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b46">
            <mixed-citation id="cit46" publication-type="book">Jung, Richard. 1984. “<source>Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some Philosophical Foundations of Perception 
        </source>. 
In Handbook of Physiology Section I, The Neruous System, Vol. III Sensory Processes, Part l, volume ed. 
IanDarian‐Smith, 1–74. 
            Bethesda
            , 
            Md.
          : American Physiological Society.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b47">
            <mixed-citation id="cit47" publication-type="journal">Kanner, L.1943. “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. 
<source>Nervous Child 
        </source>2:217–50.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b48">
            <mixed-citation id="cit48" publication-type="book">Konner, Melvin. 1982. The Tangled Wing. 
            New York
          : Harper &amp; Row.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b49">
            <mixed-citation id="cit49" publication-type="book">Kretschmer, E.1925. Physique and Character. 
            London
          : Kegan Paul.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b50">
            <mixed-citation id="cit50" publication-type="journal">Levy, Jerre and 
Colwyn, Trevarthen. 1976. “Metacontrol of Hemispheric Function in Human Split‐Brain Patients. 
<source>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 
        </source>2:299–312.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b51">
            <mixed-citation id="cit51" publication-type="book">Levy, Robert I.1984. “<source>The Emotions in Comparative Perspective 
        </source>. 
In, Approaches to Emotion, ed. 
Klaus R.Scherer and 
PaulEkman, 397–412. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N. J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b52">
            <mixed-citation id="cit52" publication-type="book">Lex, Barbara. 1979. “<source>Neurobiology of Ritual Trance 
        </source>. 
In The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis, ed. 
Eugene G.D'Aquili<italic>et al.</italic>, 117–51. 
            New York
          : Columbia Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b53">
            <mixed-citation id="cit53" publication-type="journal">MacLean, Paul D.1949. “Psychosomatic Disease and the ‘Visceral Brain’, Recent Developments Bearing on Papez Theory of Emotion. 
<source>Psychosomatic Medicine 
        </source>11:338–53.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b54">
            <mixed-citation id="cit54" publication-type="journal">MacLean, Paul D.1958. “Contrasting Functions of Limbic and Neocortical Systems of the Brain and their Relevance to Psycho‐social Aspects of Medicine. 
<source>American Journal of Medicine 
        </source>25:611–26.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b55">
            <mixed-citation id="cit55" publication-type="book">Magoun, H. W.1958. The Waking Brain. 
            Springfield
            , 
            Ill.
          : Charles C. Thomas.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b56">
            <mixed-citation id="cit56" publication-type="book">Mark, V. H. and 
F. R.Ervin. 1970. Violence and the Brain. 
            New York
          : Harper &amp; Row.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b57">
            <mixed-citation id="cit57" publication-type="book">Marsden, C. D.1979. “<source>The Emotion of Pain and its Chemistry 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Mind, Ciba Foundation Symposium 69, new series, ed. 
GordonWolstenholme and 
MaeveO'Connor, 305–13. 
            Amsterdam
          : Excerpta Medica.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b58">
            <mixed-citation id="cit58" publication-type="book">Marsden, C. D.1979. “<source>The Emotion of Pain and its Chemistry 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Mind, Ciba Foundation Symposium 69, new series, ed. 
GordonWolstenholme and 
MaeveO'Connor, 305–453. 
            Amsterdam
          : Excerpta Medica.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b59">
            <mixed-citation id="cit59" publication-type="book">Marsden, C. D.1979. “<source>The Emotion of Pain and its Chemistry 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Mind, Ciba Foundation Symposium 69, new series, ed. 
GordonWolstenholme and 
MaeveO'Connor, 305–453. 
            Amsterdam
          : Excerpta Medica.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b60">
            <mixed-citation id="cit60" publication-type="book">Marsden, C. D.1979. “<source>The Emotion of Pain and its Chemistry 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Mind, Ciba Foundation Symposium 69, new series, ed. 
GordonWolstenholme and 
MaeveO'Connor, 305–453. 
            Amsterdam
          : Excerpta Medica.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b61">
            <mixed-citation id="cit61" publication-type="book">McGeer, P. L., 
J. C.Eccles, and 
E. G.McGeer. 1978. Molecular Neurobiology of the Mammalian Brain. 
            New York
          : Plenum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b62">
            <mixed-citation id="cit62" publication-type="book">Midgley, Mary. 1984. Wickedness. 
            London
          : Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b63">
            <mixed-citation id="cit63" publication-type="other">Mishkin, Mortimer. 1982. “<source>A Memory System in the Monkey 
        </source>.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B, 85–95.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b64">
            <mixed-citation id="cit64" publication-type="journal">Myers, Ronald E.1972. “Role of Prefrontal and Anterior Temporal Cortex in Social Behaviour and Affect in Monkeys. 
<source>Acta Neurobiologica Experimentalis 
        </source>32:567–79.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b65">
            <mixed-citation id="cit65" publication-type="journal">Nauta, Walle. 1971. “The Problem of the Frontal Lobe: A Reinterpretation. 
<source>Journal of Psychiatric Research 
        </source>8:167–87.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b66">
            <mixed-citation id="cit66" publication-type="journal">Olds, James. 1962. “Hypothalamic Substrates of Reward. 
<source>Physiological Reviews 
        </source>42:554–604.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b67">
            <mixed-citation id="cit67" publication-type="journal">Papez, J. W.1937. “A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion. 
<source>Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 
        </source>38:725–44.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b68">
            <mixed-citation id="cit68" publication-type="book">Pavlov, Ivan P. [1927] 1960. Conditioned Reflexes. 
            New York
          : Dover.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b69">
            <mixed-citation id="cit69" publication-type="book">Penfield, Wilder and 
L.Roberts. 1959. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. 
            Princeton
            , 
            N.J.
          : Princeton Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b70">
            <mixed-citation id="cit70" publication-type="book">Ploog, Detlev. 1979. “<source>Phonation, Emotion, Cognition, With Reference to the Brain Mechanisms Involved 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Mind, Ciba Foundation Symposium 69, new series, ed. 
GordonWolstenholme and 
MaeveO'Connor, 79–98. 
            Amsterdam
          : Excerpta Medica.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b71">
            <mixed-citation id="cit71" publication-type="book">Pribram, Karl H.1969. “<source>The Foundation of Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Neuro‐psychological Model 
        </source>. 
In Brain and Behavior, vol 4: Adaptation, ed. 
Karl H.Pribram, 395–432. 
            Harmondsworth
           and 
            Baltimore
          : Penguin.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b72">
            <mixed-citation id="cit72" publication-type="book">Pribram, Karl H.1984. “<source>Emotion: A Neurobehavioural Analysis 
        </source>. 
In Approaches to Emotion, ed. 
Klaus R.Scherer and 
PaulEkman, 13–38. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b73">
            <mixed-citation id="cit73" publication-type="book">Quick, R. H.1910. Essays on Educational Reformers. 
            London
          : Longmans &amp; Green.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b74">
            <mixed-citation id="cit74" publication-type="book">Renan, Ernest. [1863] 1927. The Life of Jesw. 
            New York
          : Random House, Modern Library.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b75">
            <mixed-citation id="cit75" publication-type="book">Ribot, Th.1917. Psychologie des Sentiments, 10th ed. 
            Paris
          : Felix Alcan.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b76">
            <mixed-citation id="cit76" publication-type="book">Richer, John M.1978. “<source>The Partial Noncommunication of Culture to Autistic Children 
        </source>. 
In Autism: A Reappraisal of Concepts and Treatment, ed. 
M.Rutter and 
E.Schopler, 47–61. 
            New York
          : Plenum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b77">
            <mixed-citation id="cit77" publication-type="book">Rosen, G. D. and 
A.M.Galaburda. 1985. “<source>The Development of Language: A Question of Asymmetry and Deviation 
        </source>. 
In Neonate Cognition, ed. 
JacquesMehler and 
RobinFox, 307–25. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b78">
            <mixed-citation id="cit78" publication-type="book">Rosenblatt, Deborah. 1977. “<source>Developmental Trends in Infant Play 
        </source>. 
In Biology of Play, ed. 
BarbaraTizard and 
D.Harvey, 33–44. 
            London
          : Heinemann.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b79">
            <mixed-citation id="cit79" publication-type="journal">Ross, Elliott D.1984. “Right Hemisphere's Role in Language, Affective Behavior and Emotion. 
<source>Trends in Neuroscience 
        </source>7:342–46.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b80">
            <mixed-citation id="cit80" publication-type="book">Scheibel, Arnold B.1984. “<source>The Brain Stem, Reticular Core and Sensory Function 
        </source>. 
In Handbook of Physiology, Section I, The Nervous System, Vol. Ill. Sensory Processes, Part I, volume ed. 
IanDarian‐Smith, 213–56. 
            Bethesda
            , 
            Md.
          : American Physiological Society.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b81">
            <mixed-citation id="cit81" publication-type="book">Searle, John R.1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. 
            London
          : Cambridge Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b82">
            <mixed-citation id="cit82" publication-type="book">Sherrington, Charles S.1906. Integrative Action of the Nervous System. 
            New Haven
            , 
            Conn.
          : Yale Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b83">
            <mixed-citation id="cit83" publication-type="book">Sherrington, Charles S.1940. Man on His Nature. 
            Cambridge
          : Cambridge Univ. Press.</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b84">
            <mixed-citation id="cit84" publication-type="book">Singer, Wolf. 1984. “<source>Learning to See: Mechanisms in Experience‐Dependent Development 
        </source>. 
In The Biology of Learning, ed. 
PeterMarler and 
H. S.Terrace, 461–77. 
            Berlin
          : Springer.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b85">
            <mixed-citation id="cit85" publication-type="journal">Smith, Elliot. 1910. “Some Problems Relating to the Evolution of the Brain. 
<source>Lancet 
        </source>1:221–27.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b86">
            <mixed-citation id="cit86" publication-type="journal">Sperry, Roger W.1961. “Cerebral Organization and Behavior. 
<source>Science 
        </source>133:1749–57.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b87">
            <mixed-citation id="cit87" publication-type="journal">Sperry, Roger W.1967. “Mental Unity Following Surgical Disconnection of the Cerebral Hemispheres. 
<source>The Harvey Lectures 
        </source>62:293–323.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b88">
            <mixed-citation id="cit88" publication-type="journal">Sperry, Roger W.1985. “Changed Concepts of Brain and Consciousness: Some Value Implications. 
<source>Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 
        </source>20 (March):41–57.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b89">
            <mixed-citation id="cit89" publication-type="book">Sperry, Roger W. and 
Michael S.Gazzaniga. 1967. “<source>Language Following Surgical Disconnection of the Commissures 
        </source>. 
In Brain Mechanism Underlying Speech and Language, ed. 
F. L.Darley, 108–21. 
            New York
          : Grune &amp; Stratton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b90">
            <mixed-citation id="cit90" publication-type="book">Stern, Daniel. 1985. The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. 
            New York
          : Basic Books.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b91">
            <mixed-citation id="cit91" publication-type="book">Sutton‐Smith, Brian and 
DianaKelly‐Byrne. 1984. “<source>The Phenomenon of Biopolarity in Play Theories 
        </source>. 
In Child's Play: Developmental and Applied, ed. 
D.Yawkey and 
Anthony D.Pelligrini, 29–47. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b92">
            <mixed-citation id="cit92" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1965. “<source>Functional Interactions Between the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Split‐Brain Monkey 
        </source>. 
In Functions of the Corpus Callosum, ed. 
E. G.Ettlinger, Ciba Foundation Study Group, No. 20, 24–40. 
            London
          : Churchill.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b93">
            <mixed-citation id="cit93" publication-type="journal">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1974. “Conversations with a Two‐month‐old. 
<source>New Scientist 
        </source>2 (May):230–35.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b94">
            <mixed-citation id="cit94" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1979. “<source>Instincts for Human Understanding and Cultural Cooperation: Their Development in Infancy 
        </source>. 
In Human Ethology, ed. 
MariovonCranach, 
K.Foppa, 
W.Lepenies, and 
D.Ploog, 530–71. 
            Cambridge
          : Cambridge Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b95">
            <mixed-citation id="cit95" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1980a. “<source>Neurological Development and the Growth of Psychological Functions 
        </source>. 
In Developmental Psychology and Society, ed. 
J.Sants, 46–95. 
            London
          : Macmillan.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b96">
            <mixed-citation id="cit96" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1980b. “<source>The Foundations of Intersubjectivity: Development of Interpersonal and Cooperative Understanding in Infants 
        </source>. 
In The Social Foundations of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of J. S. Bruner, ed. 
D.Olson, 316–42. 
            New York
          : W. W. Norton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b97">
            <mixed-citation id="cit97" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1983a. “<source>Cerebral Mechanisms for Language: Prenatal and Postnatal Development 
        </source>. 
In Neuropsychology of Language, Reading and Spelling, ed. 
U.Kirk, 45–80. 
            New York
          : Academic.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b98">
            <mixed-citation id="cit98" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1983b. “<source>Interpersonal Abilities of Infants as Generators for Transmission of Language and Culture 
        </source>. 
In The Behaviour of Human Infants, ed. 
A.Oliverio and 
M.Zapella, 145–76. 
            London
           and 
            New York
          : Plenum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b99">
            <mixed-citation id="cit99" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1984a. “<source>Hemispheric Specialization 
        </source>. 
In Handbook of Physiology, ed. 
I.Darian‐Smith, 1129–90.
            Washington
          : American Physiological Society.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b100">
            <mixed-citation id="cit100" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1984b. “<source>Emotions in Infancy: Regulators of Contacts and Relationships with Persons 
        </source>. 
In Approaches to Emotion, ed. 
K.Scherer and 
P.Ekman, 129–57. 
            Hills‐dale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b101">
            <mixed-citation id="cit101" publication-type="journal">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1985a. “Facial Expressions of Emotion in Mother‐Infant Interaction. 
<source>Human Neurobiology 
        </source>4:21–32.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b102">
            <mixed-citation id="cit102" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn. 1985b. “<source>Form, Significance and Psychological Potential of Hand Gestures of Infants 
        </source>. 
In The Biological Foundation of Gestures: Motor and Semiotic Aspects, ed. 
J‐L.Nespoulousy, 
P.Perron, and 
A. RochLecours, 149–202. 
            Cambridge
            , 
            Mass.
          : MIT Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b103">
            <mixed-citation id="cit103" publication-type="book">Trevarthen, Colwyn and 
HelenMarwick. 1986. “<source>Signs of Motivation for Speech in Infants, and the Nature of a Mother's Support for Development of Language 
        </source>. 
In Precursors of Early Speech, ed. 
BjornLinblom and 
RolfZetterstrom, 
            Basingstoke
            , 
            England
          : Macmillan (in press).
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b104">
            <mixed-citation id="cit104" publication-type="book">Turner, Victor. 1974. Dram, Fields and Metaphors. 
            Ithaca
            , 
            N.Y.
          : Cornell Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b105">
            <mixed-citation id="cit105" publication-type="journal">Turner, Victor. 1983a . “Body, Brain and Culture. 
<source>Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 
        </source>18 (September):221–45.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b106">
            <mixed-citation id="cit106" publication-type="book">Turner, Victor. 1983b. “<source>Play and Drama: The Horns of a Dilemma 
        </source>. 
In The World of Play ed. 
Frank E.Manning, 217–24. 
            West Point
            , 
            N.Y.
          : Leisure Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b107">
            <mixed-citation id="cit107" publication-type="journal">Ungerstedt, U.1971. “Stereotaxic Mapping of the Monoamine Pathways in the Rat Brain. 
<source>Acta Physiologzca Scandinavica Supplement 
        </source> No. 367:1–48.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b108">
            <mixed-citation id="cit108" publication-type="book">Valenstein, Elliot S.1973. Brain Stimulation and Motivation. 
            Chicago
          : Scott, Foreman.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b109">
            <mixed-citation id="cit109" publication-type="book">Wernicke, Carl. 1874. Der Aphasische Synpotemenkomplex. 
            Poland
          : M. Cohn &amp; Weigart.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b110">
            <mixed-citation id="cit110" publication-type="journal">Willis, Roy. 1985. “Victor Witter Turner. 
<source>Africa 
        </source>1:73–75.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b111">
            <mixed-citation id="cit111" publication-type="journal">Wilson, Edward O.1980. “The Relation of Science to Theology. 
<source>Zygon: Journal of Religzon and Science 
        </source>15 (December):425–34.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b112">
            <mixed-citation id="cit112" publication-type="book">Winner, Ellen and 
HowardGardner, eds. 1979. Fact, Fiction and Fantasy. New Directions for Child Development, No. 6. 
            San Francisco
          : Jossey‐Bass.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b113">
            <mixed-citation id="cit113" publication-type="journal">Zajonc, Robert B.1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need no Inferences. 
<source>American Psychologist 
        </source>35:151–75.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b114">
            <mixed-citation id="cit114" publication-type="book">Zajonc, Robert B.1984. “<source>On Primacy of Affect 
        </source>. 
In Approaches to Emotion, ed. 
Klaus R.Sherer and 
PaulEkman, 259–70. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Erlbaum.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
      </ref-list>
   </back>
</article>
