<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2"
         xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id>ZYGO</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Zygon®</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title/>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn pub-type="print">0591-2385</issn>
         <issn pub-type="electronic">1467-9744</issn>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-9744.1993.tb01016.x</article-id>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN CAPACITY FOR BELIEFS</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Goodenough</surname>
                  <given-names>Ward H.</given-names>
               </name>
            </contrib>
         </contrib-group>
         <aff id="a1"/>
         <pub-date publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="1993-03-02">
            <day>02</day>
            <month>03</month>
            <year>1993</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>28</volume>
         <issue>1</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/zygo.1993.28.issue-1</issue-id>
         <fpage>5</fpage>
         <lpage>27</lpage>
         <permissions/>
         <abstract>
            <p>Abstract.  Evolution of the human capacity for beliefs is considered in relation to the emergence in human phylogeny of the ability to formulate propositions, evaluate their worth as bases for action, and make emotional attachments to them. Most of the relevant capabilities had appeared in primate evolution before the emergence of the Hominidae. The combination of capabilities peculiar to evolving hominines was that involved in the development of language, which ontogenetic evidence suggests began as a tool for implementing intentionality in social interaction and whose subsequent elaboration was associated with later reportorial and narrative uses.</p>
         </abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <kwd>beliefs</kwd>
            <kwd>cognition</kwd>
            <kwd>human evolution</kwd>
            <kwd>language</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
         <counts/>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body/>
   <back>
      <ref-list>
         <ref id="b1">
            <mixed-citation id="cit1" publication-type="book">Bickerton, Derek.1981. Roots of Language. 
            Ann Arbor
          : Karoma Publishers.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b2">
            <mixed-citation id="cit2" publication-type="book">Black, Mary.1973. “<source>Belief Systems 
        </source>.” In Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology, ed. JohnJ. Honigmann. 
            Chicago
          : Rand McNally.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b3">
            <mixed-citation id="cit3" publication-type="book">Bower, T. R. G.1974. Development in Infancy. 
            San Francisco
          : W. H. Freeman.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b4">
            <mixed-citation id="cit4" publication-type="journal">Bower, T. R. G., 
J. M.Broughton, and 
M. K.Moore. 1970. “Demonstration of Intention in the Reaching Behaviour of Neonate Infants. 
<source>Nature 
        </source>228:679–80.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b5">
            <mixed-citation id="cit5" publication-type="journal">Cann, Rebecca L., 
MarkStoneking, and 
Allan C.Wilson. 1987. “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution. 
<source>Nature 
        </source>325:31–36.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b6">
            <mixed-citation id="cit6" publication-type="journal">Chase, Philip G., and 
Harold L.Dibble. 1987. “<source>Middle Paleolithic Symbolism: A Review of Current Evidence and Interpretations 
        </source>. 
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology6: 263–96.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b7">
            <mixed-citation id="cit7" publication-type="journal">Cheney, Dorothy, 
RobertSeyfarth, and 
BarbaraSmuts. 1986. “Social Relationships and Social Cognition in Nonhuman Primates. 
<source>Science 
        </source>234: 1361–66.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b8">
            <mixed-citation id="cit8" publication-type="book">Chiang, Kwang‐chih.1986. The Archaeology of Ancient China. 4th ed. 
            New Haven
          : Yale Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b9">
            <mixed-citation id="cit9" publication-type="book">Crystal, David.1978. “<source>The Analysis of Intonation in Young Children 
        </source>.” In Communicative and Cognitive Abilities‐Early Behavioral Assessment, ed. FredD. Minifie and 
LyleL. Lloyd. 
            Baltimore
          : University Park Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b10">
            <mixed-citation id="cit10" publication-type="other">Danziger, Eve.1988. “<source>Language and the Brain: Questions of Interest to Anthropology 
        </source>.” Unpublished manuscript in author's possession.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b11">
            <mixed-citation id="cit11" publication-type="journal">Davidson, Iain, and 
WilliamNoble.1989. “The Archaeology of Perception: Traces of Depiction and Language. 
<source>Current Anthropology 
        </source>30: 125–55.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b12">
            <mixed-citation id="cit12" publication-type="other">deVillers, Jill G., and 
Peter A.deVillers. 1978. “<source>Semantics and Syntax in the First Two Years: The Output of Form and the Form and Function of Input 
        </source>.” In <source>Communicative and Cognitive Abilities 
        </source> See Crystal 1978.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b13">
            <mixed-citation id="cit13" publication-type="journal">Diaz, Rafael M.1986. “The Union of Thought and Language in Childrens' Private Speech. 
<source>The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Human Cognition 
        </source>8:90–97.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b14">
            <mixed-citation id="cit14" publication-type="journal">Dibble, Harold L.1987. “The Interpretation of Middle Paleolithic Scraper Morphology. 
<source>American Antiquity 
        </source>52:109–17.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b15">
            <mixed-citation id="cit15" publication-type="book">Dibble, Harolla L.1988. “<source>Typological Aspects of Reduction and Intensity of Utilization of Lithic Resources in the French Mousterian 
        </source>.” In Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, ed. Harold L.Dibble and 
AntaMontet‐White. University Museum Symposium Seriess, vol. 1. 
            Philadelphia
          : The University Museum, Univ. of Pennsylvania.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b16">
            <mixed-citation id="cit16" publication-type="book">Dibble, Harolla L.1989. “<source>The Implications of Stone Tool Types for the Presence of Language during the Middle Pleistocene 
        </source>.” In The Human Revolution, ed. PaulMellars and 
ChrisStringer. 
            Princeton
            , 
            N.J.
          : Princeton Univ. Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b17">
            <mixed-citation id="cit17" publication-type="book">Essock‐Vitale, Susan, and 
RobertM. Seyfarth.1986. “<source>Intelligence and Social Cognition 
        </source>.” In Primate Societies, ed. Barbara B.Smuts<italic>et al</italic>. 
            Chicago
          : Univ. of Chicago Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b18">
            <mixed-citation id="cit18" publication-type="journal">Fantz, Robert L.1961. “The Origin of Form Perception. 
<source>Scientific American 
        </source>204(5): 66–72.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b19">
            <mixed-citation id="cit19" publication-type="journal">Foley, Robert.1987. “Hominid Species and Stone‐tool Assemblages: How They Are Related. 
<source>Antiquiy 
        </source>61:380–92.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b20">
            <mixed-citation id="cit20" publication-type="book">Gelman, Rochel.1983. “<source>Recent Trends in Cognitive Development 
        </source>.” In The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series 
Vol. 3, ed. C. J.Schierer and 
A. M.Rogers. 
            Washington
            , 
            D.C.
          : American Psychological Association.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b21">
            <mixed-citation id="cit21" publication-type="journal">Girschner, Max.1912. “Die Karolineninsel Namoluk und ihre Bewohner. 
<source>Baessler Archiv 
        </source>2:123–215.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b22">
            <mixed-citation id="cit22" publication-type="book">Givón, T.1979. On Understanding Grammar. 
            New York
          : Academic Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b23">
            <mixed-citation id="cit23" publication-type="book">Givón, T.1989. Mind, Code, and context. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b24">
            <mixed-citation id="cit24" publication-type="book">Goodall, Jane.1986. The Chimpanzees Of Gombe. 
            Cambridge
            , 
            Mass.
          : Harvard Univ. Press, Belknap Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b25">
            <mixed-citation id="cit25" publication-type="book">Goodenough, Ward H.1963. Cooperation in Change. 
            New York
          : Russell Sage Foundation.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b26">
            <mixed-citation id="cit26" publication-type="book">Goodglass, H., and 
E.Kaplan. 1983. The Assessment Of Aphasia and Related Disorders. 
            Philadelphia
          : Lea and Febiger.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b27">
            <mixed-citation id="cit27" publication-type="journal">Gruhn, Ruth.1988. “Linguistic Evidence in Support of the Coastal Route of Earliest Entry into the New World. 
<source>Man 
        </source>23:77–100.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b28">
            <mixed-citation id="cit28" publication-type="book">Harlow, H. F.1971. Learning to Love. 
            New York
          : Ballantine Books.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b29">
            <mixed-citation id="cit29" publication-type="journal">Harlow, H. F., and 
R. R.Zimmerman. 1959. “Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey. 
<source>Science 
        </source>130:421–32.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b30">
            <mixed-citation id="cit30" publication-type="journal">Hill, Jane H.1972. “On the Evolutionary Foundation of Language. 
<source>American Anthropologist 
        </source>74:308–17.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b31">
            <mixed-citation id="cit31" publication-type="journal">Hockett, Charles F.1985. “Distinguished Lecture: F.<source>American Anthropologist 
        </source>87:263–81.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b32">
            <mixed-citation id="cit32" publication-type="journal">Holloway, R. L.1983. “Human Paleontological Evidence Relevant to Language Behavior.;” <source>Human Neurobiolou 
        </source>2:105–14.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b33">
            <mixed-citation id="cit33" publication-type="journal">Jardine, David W., and 
GriffithA.V.Morgan.1987. “Analogical Thinking in Young Children and the Use of Logico‐Mathematical Knowledge as a Paradigm in Jean Piaget's Genetic Epistemology. 
<source>The Quarter&amp; Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition 
        </source>9:95–101.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b34">
            <mixed-citation id="cit34" publication-type="other">Kuhl, Patricia.1978. “<source>Predispositions for the Perception of Speech–Sound Categories: A Species–Specific Phenomenon 
        </source>?” In <source>Communicative and Cognitive Abilities 
        </source>. See Crystal 1978.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b35">
            <mixed-citation id="cit35" publication-type="book">Laitman, Jeffrey T.1983. “<source>The Evolution of the Hominid Upper Respiratory System and Implications for the Origins of Speech 
        </source>.” In Glossogenetics: The Origin Evolution Of Language, ed. Eric deGrolier. Models of Scientific Thought, vol. 1. 
            Paris
          : Harwood Academic Publishers.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b36">
            <mixed-citation id="cit36" publication-type="book">Lakoff, George.1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. 
            Chicago
          : Univ. of Chicago Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b37">
            <mixed-citation id="cit37" publication-type="journal">Lieberman, Philip, 
Edmund S.Crelin, and 
Dennis H.Klatt. 1972. “Phonetic Ability and Related Anatomy of the Newborn and Adult Human, Neanderthal Man, and the Chimpanzee.<source>American Anthropologist 
        </source>74:287–307.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b38">
            <mixed-citation id="cit38" publication-type="journal">Luong, Hy Van.1986. “Language, Cognition, and Ontogenetic Development: A Reexamination of Piaget's Premises.<source>Ethos 
        </source>14:7–46.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b39">
            <mixed-citation id="cit39" publication-type="other">Mahler, Henry R.1973. Mitochondria: Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Development. Addison‐Wesley Module in Biology, no. 1. Reading, Mass.: Addison‐Wesley.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b40">
            <mixed-citation id="cit40" publication-type="journal">Mellars, Paul.1989. “Major Issues in the Emergence of Modern Humans.<source>Current Anthropology 
        </source>30:349–85.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b41">
            <mixed-citation id="cit41" publication-type="other">Moore, M. Keith, and 
Andrew M.Meltzoff. 1978. “<source>Object Permanence, Imitation, and Language Development in Infancy 
        </source>.” In <source>Communicative and Cognitive Abilities 
        </source>. See Crystal 1978.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b42">
            <mixed-citation id="cit42" publication-type="other">Nelson, Katherine.1978. “<source>Early Speech in Its Communicative Context 
        </source>.” In <source>Communicative and Cognitive Abilities 
        </source>. See Crystal 1978.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b43">
            <mixed-citation id="cit43" publication-type="other">Nishida, Toshisada.1986. “<source>Local Traditions and Cultural Transmission 
        </source>.” In Primate Societies. See Essock–Vitale 1986.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b44">
            <mixed-citation id="cit44" publication-type="other">Oates, John F.1986. “<source>Food Distribution and Foraging Behavior 
        </source>.” In Primate Societies. See Essock‐Vitale 1986.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b45">
            <mixed-citation id="cit45" publication-type="book">Premack, Ann J.1976. Why Chimps Can Read. 
            New York
          : Harper and Row.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b46">
            <mixed-citation id="cit46" publication-type="other">Sackett, James B.1988. “<source>The Mousterian and its Aftermath: A View from the Upper Paleolithic 
        </source>.” 1988.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b47">
            <mixed-citation id="cit47" publication-type="other">Schaerlaekens, A.M.1973. The Two‐Word Sentence in Child Language Development. The Hague: Mouton.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b48">
            <mixed-citation id="cit48" publication-type="other">Seyfarth, Robert M.1986. “<source>Vocal Communication and Its Relation to Language 
        </source>.” In Primate Societies. See Essock‐Vitale 1986.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b49">
            <mixed-citation id="cit49" publication-type="book">Slobin, Dan I.1985. “<source>Introduction: Why Study Acquisition Crosslinguistically 
        </source>?” In The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, vol. 1, ed. by 
Dan I.Slobin. 
            Hillsdale
            , 
            N.J.
          : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b50">
            <mixed-citation id="cit50" publication-type="journal">Spuhler, J.N.1988. “Evolution of Mitchondrial DNA in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans.<source>Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 
        </source>. Yearbook Series 31:15–48.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b51">
            <mixed-citation id="cit51" publication-type="journal">Squire, Larry R.1986. “Mechanisms of Memory.<source>Science 
        </source>232:1612–19.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b52">
            <mixed-citation id="cit52" publication-type="book">Stebbins, W.C.1970. “<source>Studies of Hearing and Hearing Loss in the Monkey 
        </source>.” In Animal Psychophysics: The Design and Conduct of Sensory Experiments, ed. W.C.Stebbins. 
            New York
          : Plenum Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b53">
            <mixed-citation id="cit53" publication-type="journal">Sebbins, W.C.1973. “Hearing of Old World Monkeys. 
<source>American Journal of Physical Anthropology 
        </source>38:357–64.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b54">
            <mixed-citation id="cit54" publication-type="journal">Stringer, Chris.1988. “The Dates of Eden.<source>Nature 
        </source>331:565–66.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b55">
            <mixed-citation id="cit55" publication-type="journal">Stringer, C. B., and 
P.Andrews. 1988. “Genetic and Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Modern Humans.<source>Science 
        </source>239: 1263–68.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b56">
            <mixed-citation id="cit56" publication-type="journal">Susman, Randall L.1988. “Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior.<source>Science 
        </source>240:781–84.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b57">
            <mixed-citation id="cit57" publication-type="journal">Valladas, H., <italic>et al.</italic>1988. “Thermoluminescence Dating of Mousterian ‘Proto‐Cro‐Magnon’ Remains from Israel and the Origin of Modern Man.<source>Nature 
        </source>331:614–16.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b58">
            <mixed-citation id="cit58" publication-type="book">Vygotsky, L. S.1962. Thought and Language. 
            Boston
          : MIT Press.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
         <ref id="b59">
            <mixed-citation id="cit59" publication-type="other">Wolpoff, Milford H.1989. “<source>Multiregional Evolution: The Fossil Alternative to Eden 
        </source>.” In The Human Reuolution. See Dibble 1989.
</mixed-citation>
         </ref>
      </ref-list>
   </back>
</article>
