Notes

  1. . B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971).
  2. . Ibid., p. 211.
  3. . Ibid., p. 114.
  4. . Ibid., p. 41.
  5. . Ibid., p. 81.
  6. . Ibid., p. 58.
  7. . Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therupeutzc: Uses of Faith after Freud (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
  8. . A. H. Maslow, Motivation und Personality, 2d ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 138, 224.
  9. . Floyd Matson, ed., Being, Becoming, and Behavior: The Psychological Sciences (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1967), p. 165.
  10. . See Paul Ricoeur, Freud und Philosophy: An Essay on Interprttation, trans. Denis Savage (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970); and Peter Homans, Theology after Freud: An Interpretative Inyuqi (Indianapolis: Robbs‐Merrill Co., 1970). In Maslow's vision there is an overall integrity of direction, yet most of his writings are impressionistic; he goes back and forth on a question and does not employ vocabulary in a consistent manner. Reading him is thus frustrating and worthwhile only if one is able to discern how the irritating surface contradictions serve a common function. This study will not treat adequately his philosophy of the person as it emerges from a welter of texts that often are no more than thought experiments and from a style that is unsystematically yet consistently dialectical. Only those aspects of his model person that relate directly to the question of autonomy and coercion will be extracted for consideration.
  11. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, pp. 149–80.
  12. . See, e.g., Steven Lukes, Individualism (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
  13. . A. H. Maslow, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Viking Press, 1971), p. 52.
  14. . As quoted in Richard J. Lowry, A. H. Maslow: An Intellectual Portrait (Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1973), p. 91.
  15. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, p. 45; Farther Reaches of Human Nature, p. 143.
  16. . Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, pp. 142–44.
  17. . A. H. Maslow, Toward a Psycholog of Being, 2d ed. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1968), p. 66.
  18. . Maslow, Further Reached of Human Nature, pp. 15, 143–45.
  19. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, p. 271.
  20. . Ibid., p. 82.
  21. . Ibid., p. 58.
  22. . Ibid., p. 38; see also pp. 28, 37, 41.
  23. . Ibid., pp. 85, 94, 102, 279.
  24. . Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, pp. 197–208.
  25. . Ibid., p. 4.
  26. . Ibid., pp. 9–10; A. H. Maslow, Relipons, Values, and Peak‐Experiences (1964; re print ed., New York: Viking Press, 1970), p. 101; A. H. Maslow, “Psychological Data and Value Theory,” in New Knowledge in Human Values, ed. A. H. Maslow (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1959), p. 121; A. H. Maslow, Eupsychian Management: A Journal (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1965), pp. 82–83.
  27. . Maslow, Eupsychian Management, p. 83.
  28. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, p. 6; Farther Reaches of Human Nature, pp. 13–14; Toward a Psychology of Being, p. 54.
  29. . A. H. Maslow, “Power Relations and Patterns of Personal Development,” in Problems of Power in American Democracy, ed. Arthur Kornhauser (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1957), p. 122; Eupsychian Movement, p. 72.
  30. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, pp. ix, 299.
  31. . Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence (1942; reprint ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970); M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953).
  32. . Abrams, Mivor and the Lamp, p. 175.
  33. . The method was applied to psychology from the neurological work of Kurt Goldstein (see The Organism [New York: American Book Co., 1939] and Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1940]).
  34. 34.Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Natureext pp.71–72.
  35. . A. H. Maslow, “A Test for Dominance‐Feeling (Self‐Esteem) in College WomenJournal of Social Psychology  12 (1940): 255–70; A.H.Maslow, “A Clinically Derived Test for Measuring Psychological Security‐Insecurity,” Journal of General Psychology  33 (1945): 21–41.
  36. . A study of Rhode Island red chicks by W. F. Dove, often cited by Maslow, is a good example of the iterative process. Dove continually regrouped his chicks according to their growth rates and observed their free choice of foods. Once he had identified the diet of the best‐growing chicks, he tried it on random groups and found that they exceeded the previous average growth rate of chicks in a free‐choice situation but did not attain the growth rate of the best‐growing chicks in that situation (see W. F. Dove, “A Study of Individuality in the Nutritive Instincts and of the Causes and Effects of Variations in the Selection of Food,” American Naturalist 69 [1935]: 469–544). Phrases in Maslow's writings such as “good choosers,”“bad choosers,”“biological assays,” etc., derive from the Dove study, and the references made earlier to coercion are in Eupychian Management (n. 26 above), in which Maslow is commenting on an implication of this research for the human situation. Though one should not be too literal or read all of Dove into Maslow, this animal research seems to be a kind of parable that limns Maslow's vision of human improvability.
  37. . A. H. Maslow, Dominance, Self‐Esteem, Self‐Actualization: Germinal Papers of A. H. Maslow, ed. Richard J. Lowry (Monterey, Calif.: Brooksicole Publishing Co., 1973), pp. 139–49.
  38. . Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature  , pp. 120–22, 169.
  39. . Ibid., pp. 149, 172, 291, 327.
  40. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, pp. xxiii‐xxiv, 16, 232, 235, 266; Farther Reaches fo Human Nature, p. 108; Religions, Values, and Peak‐Experiences, p. 12; and A. H. Maslow, The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
  41. . Maslow, Motivation and Personality, pp. 17, 153.
  42. . Maslow, Regions, Values, and Peak‐Experiences, p. 46; Farther Reache.5 of Human Nature, p. 68.