Notes

  1. . Paul Francis Wilczak, “Faith, Motive, arid Community: An Interpteration of the Philosophy of Michael Polanyi” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1973).
  2. . Michael Polanyi, Knowing and Being; Essays by Michael Polanyi, ed. Marjorie Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 160.
  3. . Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge; Towards a Post‐critical Philosophy (New York: Harper & Row, Harper Torchbooks, 1964), p. xiii.
  4. . Ibid., p. x.
  5. . Polanyi, Knowing und Being, P‐160.
  6. . Ibid., p. 66.
  7. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, P‐256.
  8. . Polanyi, Knowing and Being, P‐41.
  9. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, pp. 264–68.
  10. . Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Anchor Books, 1967), p. 15.
  11. . Ibid., p. 4.
  12. . Polanyi, Knowing and Bekg, pp. 105–6, 123–24.
  13. . Polanyi, Tacit Dimension, pp. 13–15.
  14. . Ibid., p. 17.
  15. . Ibid., p. 16.
  16. . For an example of this variety, see James L. Framo, ed., Family Interaction: A Dialogue between Family Researchers and Family Therapists (New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1972).
  17. . Murray Bowen, “The Use of Family Theory in Clinical Practice,” in Changing Families: A Family Therapy Reader, ed. Jay Haley (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1971), pp. 160–62.
  18. . For comment on the difficulties involved in reorienting toward a concept of health, see Gordon Shipman, Developing the Concept of Family Health, Behavioral Sciences Tape Library (Fort Lee, N.J.: Sigma Information, Iric., 1973).
  19. . Cf. Murray Bowen, “The Family Concept of Schizophrenia,” in The Etiology of Schizophrenin, ed. Don D. Jackson (New York: Basic Books, 1960), p. 352; Bowen, “Use of Family Theory,” p. 166; “Discussion” of Lyman C. Wynne, “Selection of” Problems to Be Investigated in Family Interaction Research,” in Family Interaction, pp. 94, 97.
  20. . Don D. Jackson and John H. Weakland, “Conjoint Family Therapy: Some Considerations on Theory, Technique, and Results,” in Changing Families, p. 16.
  21. . Michael Polanyi, The Logic of Liberty: Reflections and Rejoinders (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), p. 176.
  22. . For the purposes of this paper every system will be viewed as exhibiting certain machinelike functions, e.g., coordination of components, energy‐transfer means.
  23. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, p. 369.
  24. . Cf. Michael Polanyi, “The Body‐Mind Relation,” in Man and the Science of Man, Studies of the Person, ed. William R. Coulson and Carl R. Rogers (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1968), pp. 94–95.
  25. . Cf. Polanyi, Knowing and Being, pp. 153–54.
  26. . Here I am adapting Polanyi's notions of biological hierarchies and of organizing fields to an aesthetic example; cf. “Body‐Mind Relation,” p. 97, and Knowing and Being, p. 233.
  27. . Machinelike functions in the family would be discernible in aspects of biological process, logistics, economics, space distribution and management, etc.
  28. . Polanyi, Logic of Liberty. pp. 112–13.
  29. . Ibid., p. 115.
  30. . Ibid., p. 171.
  31. . Polanyi, Knowing and Being, pp. 217–18; Tacit Dimension, p. 39.
  32. . Salvador Minuchin, Families and Family Therapy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 94.
  33. . Bowen, “Family Concept of Schizophrenia,” pp. 360–64.
  34. . Ibid., p. 361.
  35. . Ibid., p. 366.
  36. . Ibid., p. 359; cf. Jackson and Weakland, “Conjoint Family Therapy,” p. 16.
  37. . Bowen, “Family Concept of Schizophrenia,” p. 366.
  38. . Bowen speaks of a characteristic “emotional divorce” between the spouses; cf. ibid., p. 354.
  39. . Ibid., p. 365.
  40. . Ibid., pp. 363, 370.
  41. . Polanyi, Logic of Liberty, p. 173.
  42. . Healthy families could be presumed flexible and adaptive, i.e., not fixed, while fixedness could be expected to increase with family dysfunction.
  43. . This family process is related to the psychohistorian Robert Jay Lifton's methodological focus, which is “upon themes, forms, and images that are in significant ways shared….” My meaning of ideals involves all three but as values; cf. his History and Human Survival (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 8, and Bowen, “Use of Family Theory,” p. 174.
  44. . Michael Polanyi, The Study of Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1959), pp. 86, 96–97.
  45. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, p. 207.
  46. . I examine this motivational process at length in “Faith, Motive, and Community.”
  47. . Paul Franklin and Phoebe Prosky, “A Standard Initial Interview,” in Techniques of Family Psychotherapy: A Primer, ed. Donald A. Bloch (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973), p. 31.
  48. . Don D. Jackson speaks of the quid pro quo as a regularly occurring pattern of interaction which is often unconscious to the participants; see his and William J. Lederer's The Mirages of Marriage (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1968), p. 178.
  49. . Cf.AugustusY.Napier and CarlWhitaker, “Problems of the Beginning Family Therapist,” in Techniques of Family Psychotherapy  , pp. 119–21.
  50. . This description of a person‐to‐person relationship as nontriangulating was presented by Murray Bowen at a conference sponsored by the Family Institute of Chicago, February 23, 1974, at the University of Chicago.
  51. . Bowen specifically describes this as the purpose of family psychotherapy. He also says there is generally a family opposition to each member's self‐differentiation, the successful confrontation of which “the family later applauds” (“Use of Family”Theory,” pp. 162, 185).
  52. . The culture of families with schizophrenic members has been interpreted else where as oriented toward the experience of “meaninglessness.” Polanyi is specifically cited as a resource and family orientation spoken of as a “cultural imperative.” Following my interpretation of Polanyi, the family's avoidance of meaning can be called a “purposive action” (cf. Leslie Schaffer et al., “On the Nature and Sources of the Psychiatrist's Experience with the Family of the Schizophrenic,” in Changing Families, pp. 45–64).