Notes

  1. . Herbert A.Simon, “The Architecture of Complexity,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society  106 (1962): 467–82 (reprinted in his The Sciences of the Artificial [Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969]); Howard H. Pattee, ed., Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1973).
  2. . J.Bronowski, “New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans,” Zygon  5 (1970): 18–35; Ralph WendellBurhoe, “The Control of Behavior: Human and Environmental,” Journal of Environmental Health  35 (1972): 247–58; idem, “The Civilization of the Future: Ideals and Possibility,” Philosophy Forum  13 (1973): 149–77 idem, “The Human Prospect and the ‘Lord of History,’Zygon  10 (1975): 299–375.
  3. . B. F.Skinner, “The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior,” Science  153 (1966): 1205–13.
  4. . Donald T.Campbell, “On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition,” in this issue and in American Psychologist  (December 1975), pp. 1103–26.
  5. . See my “Human Prospect,” p. 326.
  6. . R. W.Sperry, “Science and the Problem of Values,” Zygon  9 (1974): 7–21.
  7. . E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1975); cf. e.g., pp. 159, 575.
  8. . HudsonHoagland, “The Brain and Crises in Human Values,” Zygon  1 (1966): 140–57.
  9. . The literature is large, complex, and unfinished, but a good introduction is Konrad Lorenz's On Aggression (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), and, for moral development, see LawrenceKohlberg, “Indoctrination versus Relativity in Value Education,” Zygon  6 (1971): 285–310. In my “Human Prospect,” in the section “Ancient Biological Roots of Religion,” pp. 304–12, I gave a different treatment and cited several workers in the field. George Edgin Pugh has described the role of the brain in human decision systems in “Human Values, Free Will, and the Conscious Mind,” Zygon ll (1976): 2–24. A larger treatment of human values appears in his On the Origin of Human Values (New York: Basic Books, 1976) and provides many details that parallel my own development of this field.
  10. . Paul D.MacLean, “The Brain's Generation Gap: Some Human Implications,” Zygon  8(1973): 113–27.
  11. . Ibid., p. 120.
  12. . George C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 95. For Wilson, see n. 7 above.
  13. . Campbell.
  14. . See n. 12 above, p. 93.
  15. . Ibid.
  16. . Ibid., p. 121.
  17. . Ralph WendellBurhoe, “Natural Selection and God,” Zygon  7 (1972): 30–63.
  18. . Williams, p. 94. Robert L. Trivers's development is found in his “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35–57.
  19. . I am great indebted to Emerson's “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,” Scientific Monthly 78 (1954): 67–85 (reprinted with some revision in Zygon 3 [1968]: 129–68).
  20. . Alfred E.Emerson, “Ecology, Evolution and Society,American Naturalist  77 (1943): 117–18. He presents a more recent summary of “Reciprocal Phylogeny of Host Rhinotermitidae and Associated Organisms” including a section on “Evolution of Ecosystems” in his “Tertiary Fossil Species of the Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera), Phylogeny of Genera, and Reciprocal Phylogeny of Associated Flagellata (Protozoa) and the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera),” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 146 (1971): 245–303. Two more readily accessible papers by Emerson provide details on population systems, intraspecies supraorganisms, and interspecies ecological supra‐organisms, etc.: (1) his chaps. 24 and 33–35 in W. C. Allee et al., Principles of Animal Ecology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1949) and (2) his “The Evolution of Adaptation in Population Systems,” in The Evolution of Life, Evolution after Darwin: University of Chicago Centennial, 3 vols., id. Sol Tax (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 1:307–48. Incidentally, the three volumes in the series contain many papers pertinent to the proposals I am making concerning the relation of genetic and cultural evolution.
  21. . Williams, chap. 4, esp. p. 97.
  22. . For genetic selection as one of many mechanisms involved in stabilizing (remembering, maintaining, and reproducing) the patterns of life, see, for instance, John H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975), or Simon's Sciences of the Artificial (n. 1 above). For living systems as guided patterns of energy flow, see, for instance, A. Katchalsky, “Thermodynamics of Flow and Biological Organization,” Zygon 6 (1971): 99–125.
  23. . Howard T. Odum, Environment, Power, and Society (New York: Wiley‐Interscience, 1971).
  24. . Bronowski (n. 2 above), pp. 30–31. See also my note at the bottom of p. 39 of my “Commentary” on Bronowski's paper, which he insisted I publish with it (Zygon 5 [1970]: 36–40): “Bronowski, in his concept of ‘stratified stability,’ has at last given a neat physical formulation that underlies all levels of the selective or adaptive process in evolution from atoms to human cultural patterns.”
  25. . I was reminded of the extrachromosomal information in eucaryotic cells found in mitochondria, plastids, etc., by Emerson in a personal communication, expressing the view that some recent evidence was indicating that such cells were indeed symbiotic ecosystems akin to the views I am developing in this paper. I am not yet familiar with the literature of this field, although in an unpublished paper I have cited John C. Kendrew's brief remarks on it found on p. 193 of his paper cited in n. 33 below. The role of hierarchy is set forth in the papers edited by Howard H. Pattee (see n. 1 above). The quotation from Simon is from his Sciences of the Artificial, pp. 23–24.
  26. . Unpublished ms.; but see p. 364 of my “Human Prospect” for a review, and the whole paper for a certain development of the theme.
  27. . For a picture of the reemergence of notions of cultural evolution, see, for instance, Hudson Hoagland and Ralph Wendell Burhoe, eds., Evolution and Man's Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962). Also, see passim in vols. 2 and 3 of Tax (n. 20 above).
  28. . Wilson (n. 7 above), p. 380.
  29. . Ibid., p. 386.
  30. . Ralph WendellBurhoe, “Evolving Cybernetic Machinery and Human Values,” Zygon  7 (1972): 188–209.
  31. . Manuscript record of the Symposia on Evolution and Man's Future, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1960.
  32. . Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, “A Simple Dual Inheritance Model of the Conflict between Social and Biological Evolution,” in this issue.
  33. . John C. Kendrew, “Information and Conformation in Biology,” in Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology, ed. Alexander Rich and Norman Davidson (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1968), p. 193.
  34. . The quotation from Julian Huxley is from the University of Chicago [Darwin] centennial discussions, Issues in Evolution, Evolution after Darwin (n. 20 above), 3:213. The similar notions of H. J. Muller are found in his “Guidance of Human Evolution,” in The Evolution of Man: Mind, Culture, and Society, Evolution after Darwin, 2:423–62, passim.
  35. . Emerson (n. 19 above).
  36. . Examples of scientists in whose writings the theory and supporting data for this picture of ritual behavior and the lower brain are, among biologists and ethologists, such persons as Dobzhansky, Wilson, Williams, C. H. Waddington, Niko Tinbergen, and Lorenz. Among anthropologists are such as Wallace, Ward H. Goodenough, Solomon H. Katz, and Clifford Geertz. Among psychologists are such as Eugene G. d'Aquili, Murray, and O. Hobert Mowrer. Among neurophysiologists are such as Jose M. R. Delgado, Hoagland, MacLean, Karl Pribram, and Sperry. These in many cases have published in past issues of Zygon. Others are publishing in this and future issues. The evidence for this conjoint evolution of genes and cultures and the role of religion has been piling up in the past couple of decades. The evidence for ritual communication originating more than a hundred million years ago is found in Lorenz's On Aggression (n. 9 above).
  37. . See, for instance, my “Natural Selection and God’ (n. 17 above), or “The Concepts of God and Soul in a Scientific View of Human Purpose” (Zygon 8 [1973]: 412–42), or “Human Prospect” (n. 2 above).
  38. . N. 17 above.
  39. . My analysis of the relation of conscious and unconscious is akin to that of Erwin Schrödinger, P. W. Bridgman, and Sperry.
  40. . Bronowski (n. 2 above), p. 32. See also the confusion in Jacques Monod's Chance and Necessity, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1971), which Broriowski reduces.
  41. . See, for instance, Simon's Sciences of the Artificial (n. 1 above) or GeorgeWald'sThe Search for Common Ground” (Zygon  1 [1966]: 43–49).