Notes

  1. . George Edgin Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
  2. . E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
  3. . Aryeh Routtenberg,“The Reward System of the Brain,” Scientific American 239 (November 1978): 154–64; Charles Laughlin, Jr., and Eugene G. d'Aquili, Biogenetic Structuralism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
  4. . For a discussion of the concept of evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) see John Maynard Smith,“The Evolution of Behavior,” Scientific American 239 (September 1978): 176–92, and Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (London: Oxford University Press, 1976).
  5. . Donald T.Campbell, “On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition,” American Psychologist  301975:1103–26 (reprinted in Zygon) 11 [1976]: 167–208).
  6. . David P. Barash,“Sociobiology: Evolution as a Paradigm for Behavior”(paper read at the California Symposium on Science and Values, San Francisco State University, June 14, 1977).
  7. . Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1970); see also K. B. Madsen, Modem Theories of Motivation (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974).
  8. . E.g., see F. A. Hayek's otherwise excellent “The Three Sources of Human Values”(paper read at the London School of Economics and Political Science, May 17, 1978).
  9. . See n. 1 above.
  10. . See n. 4 above.
  11. . Of course these mechanisms, like any genetic inheritance, are imperfect and subject to genetic variability. Within any society one is likely to find specific instances of excessive altruism as well as individuals whose behavior seems almost totally selfish.
  12. . Campbell.
  13. . The decisive importance of such secondary values in chess is illustrated by chess‐playing computer programs which often are so designed as to use such heuristic values as their sole criteria of decision. In such an automated system the heuristic values serve as the “primary values” for the decision system.
  14. . See n. 1 above.
  15. . Routtenberg.
  16. . See n. 1 above.
  17. . Campbell.