Notes

  1. . See, e.g., William W. Meissner, “Erikson's Truth: The Search for Ethical Identity,” Theological Studies 31 (June 1970): 310–19, and Nicholas Piediscalzi, “Erik H. Erik‐son's Contribution to Ethics” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion, Atlanta, Georgia, October 28–31, 1971). Both papers deal only with Erikson's explicitly ethical thought. While recognizing the critical limitations of any psychoanalytic approach, I explicate some of the central elements of Erikson's contribution to ethics in my “Erik Erikson: The Ethical Orientation, Conscience, and the Golden Rule,” Journal of Religious Ethics 5 (Fall 1977): 249–66.
  2. . Erik H. Erikson, “Identity, Psychosocial,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David L. Sills, 17 vols. (New York: Macmillan Co., 1968), 7:61.
  3. . As quoted in ibid, from William James, The Letters of William James, ed. Henry James, 2 vols. (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920), 1:199.
  4. . Erikson, “Identity, Psychosocial,”
  5. . Ibid.
  6. . Ibid.; quotation from Sigmund Freud, “Address to the Society of B'nai B'rith,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans, and ed. James Strachey et al. (London: Hogarth Press, 1959, 20:273.
  7. . Erikson, “Identity, Psychosocial.”
  8. . The term also occurs once in passing in the same year's extensive revision (Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis [New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1968], p. 220) of the much earlier “Problem of Ego Identity,” chap. 3 of his Identity and the Life Cycle (New York: International Universities Press, 1959), which itself referred once to Sigmund Freud using the term “identity” with a “psychosocial connotation” (p. 101); see also Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2d ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1963), pp. 241 and 354 for incidental, nonsystematic uses of “psychosocial identity.”
  9. . Erik H. Erikson, “Autobiographic Notes on the Identity Crisis,” Daedalus 99 (Fall 1970): 731. Erikson quotes Stuart Hampshire in the London Observer (December 1, 1968).
  10. . Erikson, “Autobiographic Notes,” p. 732.
  11. . Ibid.
  12. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, pp. 45, 50.
  13. . Ibid., p. 165.
  14. . Ibid.
  15. . Ibid., pp. 208–31 (chap. 5), 216–21.
  16. Ibid., p. 217.
  17. . Ibid.
  18. . Ibid., pp. 217–18. See Heinz Hartmann, “Comments on the Psychoanalytic Theory of the Ego,” in The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New York: International Universities Press, 1950), 5:74–96.
  19. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, p. 289.
  20. . Ibid., p. 218.
  21. . Ibid.
  22. . Ibid.
  23. . For Bernard Lonergan's distinction see his Collection (New York: Herder & Herder, 1967), pp. 226–27.
  24. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (n. 8 above), p. 218.
  25. . Ibid.
  26. . See, e.g., Michael Polanyi, The Study of Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1963), pp. 29–30.
  27. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, p. 218.
  28. . Ibid.
  29. . For the prevailing view see Heinz Hartmann, E. Kris, and R. M. Loewenstein, “Some Psychoanalytic Comments on ‘Culture and Personality”” in Psychoanalysis and Culture, ed. C. B. Wilbur and W. Muensterberger (New York: International Universities Press, 1951), pp. 3–31.
  30. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, p. 218.
  31. . Ibid., p. 219.
  32. . Ibid.
  33. . Ibid.
  34. . Ibid., p. 220.
  35. . Ibid., p. 224.
  36. . Hartmann, Kris, and Loewenstein.
  37. . Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, p. 220.
  38. . Ibid., p. 217.
  39. . Ibid., p. 220.
  40. . Ibid.
  41. . Ibid., pp. 220–21.
  42. . Ibid., p. 221.
  43. . Erikson, “Identity, Psychosocial” (n. 2 above), p. 63, and “Autobiographic Notes” (n. 9 above), pp. 740–41.
  44. . I am presently at work on several aspects of such a constructive project; for a beginning along these lines see my “Conscience and Self‐Transcendence” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1973). For an attempt to integrate Erikson's contribution with those of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg within a perspective of self‐transcendence see also my “Moral Development as Self‐Transcendence,” Horizons 4 (Fall 1977): 189–205, and “The Ontogenetic Ground of Value,” Theological Studies 39 (June 1978): 313–35.