Notes

  1. Victor Ferkiss, The Future of Technological Civilization (New York: George Braziller, 1974), p. 90.
  2. Spinoza Ethics 4. 38, as quoted by William Frankena, “‘Ought’ and ‘Is’ Once More,” in Perspectives and Morality: Essays by William K. Franhena, ed. K. E. Goodpaster (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1976), p. 137.
  3. R. M. Hare, “Descriptivism,” in Essays on the Moral Concepts, ed. W. D. Hudson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972); idem, The Language of Morals (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952); Frankena, p. 141.
  4. Hare, “Descriptivism,” p. 257.
  5. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
  6. . Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: the New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
  7. 7. Ibid., p. 4.
  8. . See Arthur L. Captan, ed. The Sociobiology Debate (New York: Harper & Row, 1978); M. Ruse, Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1979).
  9. . Wilson, p. 562.
  10. . Ibid., p. 563.
  11. . Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 5–;6.
  12. . See n. 3 above.
  13. . See n. 4; also Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
  14. . John R. Searle, in Hudson (n. 3 above), p. 120.
  15. . Hare, “Descriptivism,” p. 527 (italics added).
  16. . Hare, in Hudson (n. 4 above), pp. 105–;9.
  17. . Frankena (n. 2 above), p. 141.
  18. . Gewirth, p. 158.
  19. . Ibid.
  20. . Searle, in Hudson (n. 3 above), pp. 129–;35.
  21. . Arthur J. Dyck, “Moral Requiredness: Bridging the Gap Between ‘Ought’ and ‘Is’–;–;Part I,” Journal of Religious Ethics 6 (Fall 1978): 293–;318; see also his “A Gestalt Analysis of the Moral Data and Certain of Its Implications for Ethical Theory” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1965).
  22. . Dyck, “Gestalt Analysis,” pp. 70–;73.
  23. . Ibid., pp. 50–;70.
  24. . Stephen C. Pepper, “Survival Value,” Zygon 4 (March 1969): 4–;11; idem, “On a Descriptive Theory of Value: A Response to Professor Margolis,” ibid., pp. 261–;65; Mary Leavenworth, “On Integrating Fact and Value,” ibid., pp. 33–;43; idem, “On the Impotence of Unnatural Values,” ibid., pp. 281–;85; Abraham Edel, Ethical Judgment (New York: Free Press, 1955); idem, “The Relation of Fact and Value: A Reassessment,” in Experience, Existence, and the Good, ed. I. C. Lieb (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1961), pp. 215–;29
  25. . Edel, in Lieb, p. 221.
  26. . See, eg., the discussion by Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1967), chap. 1.
  27. . Paul Tillich, Morality and Beyond (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), chap. 1, esp. pp. 19–;20.
  28. . Leavenworth, “Impotence,” p. 281.
  29. . Paul Ricoeur, The Symbolism of Evil (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), pp. 347–;57.
  30. . J. F. Smurl, Religious Ethics;A Systems Approach (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice–;Hall, Inc., 1972), pp. 2–;10. I am indebted to my colleague Franklin Sherman for this reference.
  31. . Hare, “Descriptivism” (n. 4 above), p. 256.
  32. . G. E. M. Anscombe, in Hudson (n. 3 above), p. 179.
  33. . Philippa Foot, in ibid., pp. 206–;8.
  34. . Midgley (n. 3 above), p. 182.
  35. . Ibid., pp. 182, 189.
  36. . R. L. Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35–;57; Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).
  37. . George Edgin Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
  38. . Donald T. Campbell, “On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition,” American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1103–;26 (reprinted in Zygon 11[September 1976]:167–;208); Ralph Wendell Burhoe, “The Source of Civilization in the Natural Selection of Coadapted Information in Genes and Culture,” Zygon 11 (September 1976): 263–;303. It should be noted that the scientists differ on the question whether altruism is transmitted exclusively by genetic evolution or by psychosocial (cultural) evolution. It is not germane to the purposes of this essay to comment on this debate, although the discussion here does presuppose that Campbell, Burhoe, and others are correct in their insistence that genetic evolution is inadequate to convey altruistic behavior beyond close kinship groups.
  39. . Solomon H. Katz, “The Anthropological Basis of Values” (manuscript, 1979).
  40. . GaryBecker, “Altruism, Egoism, and Genetic Fitness: Economics and Sociobiolgy,” Journal of Economic Literature  14 (September 1976): 817–;26.
  41. . Foot (n. 33 above), pp. 211–;13.
  42. . Hare, in Hudson (n. 4 above), p. 97.
  43. . Anscombe (n. 32 above), p. 178, and “Brute Facts,” Analysis 19 (1958).
  44. . Hare (n. 42 above).
  45. . E.g., P. L. Holmer, “Evolution and Being Faithful,” in Changing Man: he Threat and the Promise, ed. K. Haselden and Philip Hefner (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1968), pp. 156–;68.
  46. . See James Gustafson, “Theology Confronts Technology and the Life Sciences,” Commonweal (June 16, 1978); Langdon Gilkey, Religion and the Scientific Future (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), esp. chap. 1.
  47. . Gilkey: Ian Barbour, Myths, Models and Paradigms (London: S.C.m. Pres, 1974); see also nn. 45–;46 above.
  48. . Wilson (n. 11 above).
  49. . Alexander J.Morin, “Revelation and Heresy in Sociobiology,” Science, Technology, Human Values  27 (Spring 1979): 24–;35.