Notes

  1. . Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti‐Structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1969); “Conflict in Social, Anthropological and Psychoanalytic Theory” (videotape, Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia, School of Medicine, 24 February 1981).
  2. . Heinz Kohut, The Analysis of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1971): The Restoration of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1977).
  3. . Turner, Ritual Process, p. 177.
  4. . Turner, Ritual Process.
  5. . Turner, Ritual Process, p. 188.
  6. . Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982), pp. 20–60.
  7. . Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982), p. 36.
  8. . Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982), pp. 40–41.
  9. . Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982), p. 46.
  10. . Freud's most succinct expression occurs in Totem and Taboo (1912‐1913), in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. and ed. James Strachey et al., 24 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1953–1974), 13 (1953):1–161.
  11. . Kohut, Analysis of the Self, pp. 1– 34.
  12. . George F. Mahl, Psychological Conflict and Defense (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969), pp. 5–6.
  13. . See George Devereux, Mohave Ethnopsychiatry and Suicide (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1961).
  14. . Freud did not deny that narcissism was “natural.” In both his early and later theories of libido he held that the original state of the psyche was one of narcissistic pleasures, interrupted only by the intrusions of a painful reality. Among those intrusions was the parents' failure to meet the infant's immense narcissistic demands. For Freud, the capacity to love others occurs only when one can put aside that original selfish orientation long enough to seek to give pleasure to persons other than oneself. The “u‐tube” theory of libidinal energy entailed the claim that object love could be increased only by a similar decrease in narcissistic libido (hence the model of a single tube of “libido”). Freud denied that narcissism could be sublimated into adaptive and adult actions. Because he did not hold the “u‐tube” theory, Kohut believed that adaptation and sublimation of both narcissistic and object libido occurs and can be fostered by psychoanalytic treatment.
  15. . Anthony F. C. Wallace, Culture and Personality (New York: Random, 1961), p. 35.
  16. . See Adrian Stokes, Greek Culture and the Ego (London: Tavistock, 1958).
  17. . See VolneyP. Gay, “Reductionism and Redundancy in the Analysis of' Religious FormsZygon  . 13 (1978): 169– 83.
  18. . That Kohut is sympathetic to Erikson's basic understanding of mutuality is illustrated in Kohut's discussion of the narcissistic trauma suffered by children of psychoanalysts. Their parents were too “understanding,” that is, too intrusive and too accurate in their assessment of their children's internal states. A more balanced relationship, in which the child is permitted to retain its inner privacy, as the adults retain theirs, produces happier children.