References

Alcock, John.1989. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. 4th ed. Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer Associates.

Alexander, Richard D.1974. “The Evolution of Social Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics  5: 325–83.

Alexander RichardD.1978. “Natural Selection and Societal Laws  .” In The Foundations of Ethics and Its Relationship to Science. III. Morals, Science, and Social, ed. H. T.Engelhardt and D.Callahan, 249–90. Hastings‐on‐Hudson , N.Y. : Hastings Institute.

Alexander RichardD.1979a. Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle : Univ. of Washington Press.

AlexanderRichard D.1979b. “Evolution, Social Behavior, and Ethics  .” In The Roots of Ethics: Religion and Values, ed. D.Callahan and H. T.Engelhardt, 307–38. New York : Plenum Press.

AlexanderRichard D.1979c. “Evolution and Culture  .” InEvolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 59–78. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Alexander RichardD.1982. “Biology and the Moral Paradoxes  .” InLaw, Biology, and Culture: The Evolution of law, ed. M.Gruter and P.Bohannon, 101–10. Santa Barbara , Calif. : Ross‐Erikson.

Alexander, Richard D.1985. “A Biological Interpretation of Moral Systems. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science  20 (March): 3–20.

Alexander, Richard D.. 1986. “Biology and Law. Ethology and Sociobiology  7 (3/4): 167–73.

AlexanderRichard D.1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York : Aldine de Gruyter.

Alexander Richard, D.1989. “How Did Humans Evolve? Reflections on the Uniquely Unique Species  .” Mss submitted for publication as a University of Michigan Museum of Zoology monograph.

Alexander, Richard D., John L.Hoogland, Richard D.Howard, Katharine M.Noonan, and Paul W.Sherman. 1979. “Sexual Dimorphism and Breeding Systems in Pinnipeds, Ungulates, Primates, and Humans  .” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 402–35. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective. 1977. Biology as a Social Weapon. Minneapolis : Burgess.

Axelrod, Robert, and William D.Hamilton. 1981. “The Evolution af Cooperation. Science  211: 1390–96.

Barash, David P.1982. Sociobiology and Behauior. 2d ed. New York : Elsevier.

Barkow, Jerome H.1977. “Conformity to Ethos and Reproductive Success in Two Hausa Communities: An Empirical Evaluation.Ethos  5: 409–25.

Barkow, Jerome H.. 1982. “Return to Nepotism: The Collapse of a Nigerian Gerontocracy. International Political Science Review  3: 33–49.

Berte, Nancy A.1988. “K'ekchi' Horticultural Labor Exchange: Productive and Reproductive  .” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 83–96. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Betzig, Laura L.1986. Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History. Hawthorne , N.Y. : Aldine.

Betzig, Laura L. 1988. “Mating and Parenting in Darwinian Perspective  .” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 3–20. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Betzig, Laura L.. 1989a. “Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross‐Cultural Study. Current Anthropology  30 (4): 654–76.

Betzig, Laura L.. 1989b. “Rethinking Human Ethology: A Response to Some Recent Critiques. Ethology and Sociobiology  10 (5): 315–24.

BlurtonJones, NicholasG.1986. “Bushman Birth Spacing: A Test for Optimal Interbirth Intervals.Ethology and Sociobiology  7 (2): 91–105.

Blurton Jones, Nicholas G., and R. M.Sibly. 1978. “Testing Adaptiveness of Culturally Determined Behavior: Do Bushman Women Maximize Their Reproductive Success by Spacing Births Widely and Foraging Seldom?  ” In Human Behavior and Adaptation, ed. N.G.Blurton Jones and V.Reynolds, 135–57. London : Taylor and Francis.

Bock, Kenneth.1980. Human Nature and History. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Boone, James L.1983. “Noble Family Structure and Expansionist Warfare in the Late Middle Ages  . In Rethinking Human Adaptation: Biological and Cultural Models, ed. R. Dyson‐Hudson and M. A. Little, 79–96. Denver : Westview Press.

Boone, James L.. 1986. “Parental Investment and Elite Family Structure in Preindustrial Society: A Case Study of Late Medieval‐Early Modern Portuguese Genealogies. American Anthropologist  88 (4): 859–78.

Boone, James L.1988. “Parental Investment, Social Subordination, and Population Process among the 15th and 16th Century Portuguese Nobility  .” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 201–19. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1985. “Polygyny Threshold: A Kipsigis Case Study.National Geographic Research Reports  21: 33–39.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1987a. “Resources and Reproductive Success in Women, with an Example from the Kipsigis.Journal of Zoology  213: 489–505.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1987b. “On Cultural and Reproductive Success.American Anthropologist  89 (3): 617–34.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1987c. “Progress in Human Sociobiology. Anthropology Today  : 5–8.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique.1988a. “Kipsigis Bridewealth Payments  .” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 65–82. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique.1988b. “Reproductive Success in Three Kipsigis Cohorts  .” In Reproductive Success, ed. T. H.Clutton‐Brock, 419–35. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1988c.Reproductive Consequences of Sex‐Biased Inheritance for the Kipsigis  .” In Comparative Socioecology, ed. R.Foley and V.Standon, 405–25. Oxford : Blackwell.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1988d. “Behavioral Ecology in Traditional Societies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  3: 260–64.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1989a. “Marital Status and Reproductive Performance in Kiosiais Women: Re‐evaluating the Polygyny‐Fertility Hypothesis. Populations Studies  13: 285–304.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1989b. “Menarche, Menopause, and Reproduction in the Kipsigis of Kenya.”' Journal of Biosocial Science  21:179–92.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1989c. “Early Maturing Kipsigis Women Have Higher Reproductive Success than Later Maturing Women and Cost More to Marry. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology  24: 145–53.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique and M.Milton. 1985. “Factors Affecting Infant Care among the Kipsigis. Journal of Anthropological Research  41: 231–62.

Boyd, Robert, and PeterJ. Richerson.1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Brown, Donald E., and DanaHotra.1988. “Are Prescriptively Monogamous Societies Effectively Monogamous?  ” In Human Reproductive Behaviour. A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 153–60. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Brown, Jerram L.1975. The Evolution of Behavior. New York: Norton .

Bugos, Paul E.1985. “An Evolutionary Ecological Analysis of the Social Organization of the Ayoreo of the Northern Gran Chaco  .” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.

Bugos, Paul E., and L. M.McCarthy. 1983. “Ayoreo Infanticide: A Case Study  .” In Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. G.Hausfater and S. B.Hrdy, 503–20. New York : Aldine.

Buss, David M.1985. “Human Mate Selection. American Scientist  73: 47–51.

BussDavid M.1987. “Sex Differences in Mate Selection Criteria: An Evolutionary Perspective  .” In Sociobiology and Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, ed. C.Crawford, M.Smith, and D.Krebs, 335–51. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Buss, David M. 1988. “The Evolution of Human Intrasexual Competition: Tactics of Male Attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  54 (4): 616–28.

Buss, David M. 1989. “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences  12: 1–49.

Campbell, Donald T.1975. “On the Conflict between Biological and Social Evolution, and between Psychology and Moral Tradition. American Psychologist  30: 1103–26.

Campbell, Donald T.. 1979. “Comments on the Sociobiology of Ethics and Moralizing. Behavioral Science  24: 37–45.

CampbellDonald T.1983. “The Two Distinct Routes beyond Kin Selection to Ultra‐Sociality: Implications for the Humanities and Social Sciences  .” In The Nature of Prosocial Development: Interdisciplinary Theories and Strategies, ed. D.L.Bridgeman, 11–41. New York : Academic Press.

Cavalli‐Sforza, L. L., and M. W.Feldman. 1981. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1968. Yanomamo: Fierce People. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1974. Studying the Yanomamo. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.. 1975. “Genealogy, Solidarity, and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology  19: 95–110.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1979a.Mate Competition, Favoring Close Kin, and Village Fissioning among the Yanomamo Indians  .” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon andW.Irons, 86–132. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1979b. “Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?  ” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 374–401. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1980. “Kin Selection Theory, Marriage and Fitness among the Yanomamo Indians  .” In Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? ed. G.W.Barlow andJ.Silverberg, 545–71. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1981. “Terminological Kinship, Genealogical Relatedness and Village Fissioning among the Yanomamo Indians  .” In Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory, ed. R. D.Alexander andD. W.Tinkle, 490–508. New York : Chiron Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1982. “Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule Breaker  .” In Current Problems in Sociobiology, ed. King's College Sociobiology Group, 291–318. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1983. Yanomamo: The Fierce People. 3d ed. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Boyd, Robert, and PeterJ. Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Brown, Donald E., and DanaHotra. 1988. “Are Prescriptively Monogamous Societies Effectively Monogamous?  ” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L. Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 153–60. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Brown, Jerram L. 1975. The Evolution of Behavior. New York : Norton.

Bugos, Paul E. 1985. “An Evolutionary Ecological Analysis of the Social Organization of the Ayoreo of the Northern Gran Chaco  .” Ph.D. diss.  , Northwestern University.

Bugos, Paul E., and L. M.McCarthy. 1983. “Ayoreo Infanticide: A Case Study  .” In Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. G. Hausfater and S. B.Hrdy, 503–20. New York : Aldine.

Buss, David M.1985. “Human Mate Selection.American Scientist  73: 47–51.

Buss, David M. 1987. “Sex Differences in Mate Selection Criteria: An Evolutionary Perspective  .” In Sociobiology and Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, ed. C.Crawford, M.Smith, andD.Krebs, 335–51. Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum.

Buss, David M.. 1988. “The Evolution of Human Intrasexual Competition: Tactics of Male Attraction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  54 (4): 616–28.

Buss, David M.. 1989. “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences  12: 1–49.

Campbell, Donald T.1975. “On the Conflict between Biological and Social Evolution, and between Psychology and Moral Tradition.American Psychologist  30: 1103–26.

Campbell, Donald T.. 1979. “Comments on the Sociobiology of Ethics and Moralizing. Behavioral Science  24: 37–45.

CampbellDonald T. 1983. “The Two Distinct Routes beyond Kin Selection to Ultra‐Sociality: Implications for the Humanities and Social Sciences  .” In The Nature of Prosoctal Development: Interdisciplinary Theories and Strategies, ed. D. L.Bridgeman, 11–41. New York : Academic Press.

Cavalli‐Sforza, L.L., and M. W.Feldman. 1981. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1968. Yanomamo: Fierce People. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1974. Studying the Yanomamo. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1975. “Genealogy, Solidarity, and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population.Yearbook of Physical Anthropology  19: 95–110.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1979a. “Mate Competition, Favoring Close Kin, and Village Fissioning among thex Yanomamo Indians  .” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 86–132. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?  ” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N. A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 374–401. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1980. “Kin Selection Theory, Marriage and Fitness among the Yanomamo Indians  .” In Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? ed. G. W.Barlow and J.545–71. Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1981. “Terminological Kinship, Genealogical Relatedness and Village Fissioning among the Yanomamo Indians  . In Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory, ed. R. D.Alexander and D. W.Tinkle, 490–508. New York : Chiron Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A.1982. “Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule Breaker  .” In Current Problems in Sociobiology, King's College Sociobiology Group, 291–318. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1983. Yanomamo: The Fierce People. 3d ed. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1988b. “Evolutionary Social Psychology and Family Homicide.Science  242: 519–24.

Darwin, Charles. 1858. On the Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races. London : John Murray.

Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Dickemann, Mildred. 1979a. “Female Infanticide, Reproductive Strategies, and Social Stratification: A Preliminary Model  .” In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Prospective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 321–67. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Dickemann, Mildred. 1979b. “The Ecology of Mating Systems in Hypergynous Dowry Societies. Social Science Information  18: 163–95.

Dickemann, Mildred. 1981. “Paternal Confidence and Dowry Competition: A Biocultural Analysis of Purdah  . In Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory, ed. R.D.Alexander and D.W.Tinkle, 417–38. New York : Chiron Press.

Dow, James. 1983. “Woman Capture as a Motivation for Warfare: A Comparative Analysis of Intra‐Cultural Variation and a Critique of the Male Supremacist Hypothesis  . In Rethinking Human Adaptation: Biological and Cultural Models, ed. R.Dyson‐Hudson and M.A.Little, 97–115. Denver : Westview Press.

Draper, Patricia, and HenryHarpending. 1982. “Father Absence and Reproductive Strategies: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research  38: 255–73.

Essock‐Vitale, Susan M.1984. “The Reproductive Success of Wealthy Americans. Ethology and Sociobiology  5: 45–49.

Essock‐Vitale, Susan M., and MichaelT. McGuire. 1980. “Predictions Derived from the Theories of Kin Selection and Reciprocation Assessed by Anthropological Data. Ethology and Sociobiology  1 (3): 233–43.

Essock‐Vitale, Susan M.1985a. “Women's Lives Viewed from an Evolutionary Perspective: I. Sexual Histories, Reproductive Success, and Demographic Characteristics of a Random Sample of American Women. Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (3): 137–54.

Essock‐Vitale, Susan M.. 1985b. “Women's Lives Viewed from an Evolutionary Perspective: 11. Patterns of Helping. Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (3): 155–73.

Essock‐Vitale, Susan M.1988. “What 70 Million Years Hath Wrought: Sexual Histories and Reproductive Success of a Random Sample of American Women  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 23–48. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Faux, Steven F., and HaroldL. Miller. 1984. “Evolutionary Speculations of the Oligarchic Development of Mormon Polygyny.Ethology and Sociobiology  5 (1): 15–31.

Fisher, Ronald A.1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford : Clarendon Press.

Flinn, Mark V.1981. “Uterine vs. Agnatic Kinship Variability and Associated Cousin Marriages Preferences  . In Natural Selection and Social Behavior, ed. R. D.Alexander and D. W.Tinkle, 439–75. New York : Chiron Press.

Flinn, Mark V.. 1986. “Correlates of Reproductive Success in a Caribbean Village. Human Ecology  14: 225–43.

Flinn, Mark V.. 1987. “Step and Genetic Parent/Offspring Relationships in a Caribbean Village. Ethology and Sociobiology  9 (6): 335–69.

Flinn, Mark V.1988. “Parent‐Offspring Interaction in a Caribbean Village: Daughter Guarding  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 189–200. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Flinn, Mark V.1989. “Household Composition and Female Reproductive Strategies  . In The Sociobiology of Sexual and Reproductive Strategies, ed. A.Rasa, C.Vogel, and E.Voland, 210–28. London : Chapman and Hall.

Flinn, Mark V., and RichardD. Alexander. 1982. “Culture Theory: The Developing Synthesis from Biology. Human Ecology  10: 383–400.

Flinn, Mark V., and BobbiS. Low.1986. “Resource Distribution, Social Competition and Mating Patterns in Human Societies  . In Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, ed. D. I.Rubenstein and R. W.Wrangham, 114–28. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Fox, Robin. 1971. “The Cultural Animal  .” In Man and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior, ed. J.F.Eisenberg, W.S.Dillon, and S. DillonRipley, 273–96. Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press.

Fredlund, Eric V.1982. “Shitari Yanomamo Incestuous Marriage: A Study of the Use of Structural, Lineal and Biological Criteria When Classifying Marriage  .” Ph.D. diss  . Pennsylvania , State University.

Fredlund, Eric V.1985. “The Use and Abuse of Kinship When Classifying Marriages: A Shitari Yanomamo Case. Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (1): 17–25.

Gaulin, Steven J. C., and Harol A.Hoffman. 1988. “Evolution and Development of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability  . In Human Reproductiue Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 129–52. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Gaulin, Steven J.C., and AliceSchlegel. 1980. “Paternal Confidence and Paternal Investment: A Cross‐Cultural Test of a Sociobiological Hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology  1 (4): 301–9.

Ghiselin, M.T.1974. The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley , Calif. : Univ. of California Press.

Grafen, A.1982. “How to Measure Inclusive Fitness. Nature  298: 425–26.

Gray, J. Patrick. 1985. Primate Sociobiology. New Haven , Conn. : HRAF Press.

Hames, Raymond B.1979. “Interaction and Relatedness among the Ye'kwana: A Preliminary Analysis  . In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 201–19. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Hames, Raymond B.1988. “The Allocation of Parental Care among the Ye'kwana  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 237–51. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hamilton, William D.1963. “The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior.American Naturalist  97: 354–56.

Hamilton, William D.. 1964. “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. (I and 11). Journal of Theoretical Biology  7: 1–16, 17–52.

Hart, Charles W. M., Arnold R.Pilling, and Jane C.Goodale. 1988. The Tiwi of North Australia. 3d ed. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Hartung, John. 1976. “On Natural Selection and the Inheritance of Wealth. Current Anthropology  17: 607–22.

Hartung, John. 1981. “Paternity and Inheritance of Wealth.Nature  291: 652–54.

Hartung, John. 1982. “Polygyny and Inheritance of Wealth. Current Anthropology  23: 1–12.

Hartung, John. 1985. “Matrilineal Inheritance: New Theory and Analysis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences  8: 661–88.

Hawkes, Kristen. 1977. “Co‐operation in Binumarien: Evidence for Sahlins Model. Man (n.s.)  12: 459–83.

Hawkes, Kristen. 1983. “Kin Selection and Culture. American Ethnologist  10: 345–63.

Hefner, Philip. 1989. “Nature, Culture, and Myth: Theology Seeks to Integrate Scientific Understandings.” Paper read at Evolution and Moral Norms Conference, Evangelical Academy Loccum, Germany 14–17 September.

Hewlett, Barry S.1986. “Intimate Fathers: Paternal Patterns of Holding among Aka Pygmies  . In Father's Role in Cross‐Cultural Perspective, ed.M.E.Lamb, 295–330. New York : Erlbaum.

Hewlett, Barry S.1988. “Sexual Selection and Paternal Investment among Aka Pygmies  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 263–76. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hill, J.1984. “Prestige and Reproductive Success. Ethology and Sociobiology  5 (1):77–95.

Hill, Kim, and HillardKaplan. 1988a. “Tradeoffs in Male and Female Reproductive Strategies among the Ache: Part I  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 277–89. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hill, Kim, and HillardKaplan. 1988b. “Tradeoffs in Male and Female Reproductive Strategies among the Ache: Part 11  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 291–305. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hinde, Robert A.1987. Individuals, Relationships, and Culture: Links between Ethology and the Social Sciences. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hughes, Austin L.1986. “Reproductive Success and Occupational Class in Eighteenth Century Lancashire, England. Social Biology  33: 109–15.

Hughes, Austin L.. 1988. “Kin Networks and Political Leadership in a Stateless Society, the Toda of South India. Ethology and Sociobiology  9 (1): 29–44.

Hume, David. [1750] 1930. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles Of Morals. LaSalle , Ill. : Open Court.

Humphrey, Nicholas K.1976. “The Social Function of Intellect. In Growing Points in Ethology  , ed. P.P.G.Bateson and R.A.Hinde, 303–17. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hurd, James P.1983. “Kin Relatedness and Church Fissioning among the 'Nebraska' Amish of Pennsylvania. Social Biology  30: 59–66.

Hurd, James P.1985. “Sex Differences in Mate Choice among the 'Nebraska' Amish of Central Pennsylvania. Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (1): 49–57.

Irons, William. 1976. “Emic and Reproductive Success  . Paper read at 75th annual meeting of American Anthropological Association, Washington , D.C. . 17–21 November.

Irons, William. 1979a. “Cultural and Biological Success  . In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 284–302. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Irons, William. 1979b. “Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Human Social Behavior  . In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 4–38. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Irons, William. 1980. “Is Yomut Social Behavior Adaptive?  In Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? ed. G.W.Barlow and J.Silverberg, 417–73. Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press.

Irons, William. 1981a. “Sociobiology and Levels of Explanation. American Anthropologist  83: 147–49.

Irons, William. 1981b. “Why Lineage Exogamy?  In Natural Selection and Social Behavior, ed. R. D.Alexander and D.W.Tinkle, 476–89. New York : Chiron Press.

Irons, William. 1983. “Human Female Reproductive Strategies  . In Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates, ed. S. K.Wasser, 169–213. New York : Academic Press.

Irons, William. 1986. “Yomut Family Organization and Inclusive Fitness  . In Proceedings of the International Meetings on “Variability and Behavioral Evolution,”227–6. Rome : Accademia Nazionale dei Linei.

Irons, William. 1988. “Parental Behavior in Humans  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 307–14. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Irwin, Colin J.1987. “A Study in the Evolution of Ethnocentrism  . In The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism: Evolutionary Dimensions of Xenophobia, Discrimination, Racism and Nationalism, ed. V.Reynolds, V.Falgar, and I.Vine, 131–56. Athens , Ga. : Univ. of Georgia Press.

Jones, Douglas. 1988. “Rates of Killing in Prestate Societies in Relation to Group Size and Population DensityPaper read at Evolution and Human Behavior Conference, Ann Arbor, Mich.  , 8–10 April.

Kaplan, Hillard, and KimHill. 1985. “Hunting Ability and Reproductive Success among Male Ache Foragers: Preliminary Results. Current Anthropology  26: 131–33.

Kitcher, Philip. 1985. Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature. Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press.

Lack, David. 1954. The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Lenington, Sarah. 1981. “Child Abuse: The Limits of Sociobiology.Ethology and Sociobiology  2 (1): 17–29.

Lewontin, Richard C.1984. “Adaptation  . In Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, ed. E.Sober, 235–51. Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press.

Lewontin, Richard C., StevenRose, and LeonJ. Kamin. 1984. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature. New York : Pantheon.

Lightcap, Joy L., JeffreyA. Kurland, and RobertL. Burgess. 1982. “Child Abuse: A Test of Some Predictions from Evolutionary Theory. Ethology and Sociobiology  3 (2): 61–67.

Lopreato, Joseph. 1984. Human Nature and Biocultural Evolution. London : Allen and Unwin.

Lopreato, Joseph, and Mei‐YuYu. 1988. “Human Fertility and Fitness Optimization. Ethology and Sociobiology  9 (5): 269–89.

Low, Bobbi S.1979. “Sexual Selection and Human Ornamentation  . In Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N.A.Chagnon and W.Irons, 462–87. North Scituate , Mass. : Duxbury Press.

Low, Bobbi S.1988. “Pathogen Stress and Polygyny in Humans  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 115–27. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Lumsden, Charles J., and EdwardO. Wilson. 1981. Genes, Mind, and Culture. The Coevolutionary Process. Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press.

Mackey, Wade C.1979. “Parameters of the Adult‐Male‐Child Bond. Ethology and Sociobiology  1 (1): 59–76.

MackeyWade C.. 1981. “A Cultural Analysis of Adult‐Child Proxemics in Relation to the Plowman‐Protector Complex: A Preliminary Study.Behavior Science Research  16: 187–223.

Mackey, Wade C.1983. “A Preliminary Test for the Validation of the Adult‐Male‐Child Bond as a Species Characteristic Trait. American Anthropologist  85: 391–402.

MackeyWade C.1985. Fathering Behaviors: The Dynamics of the Man‐Child Bond. New York : Plenum Press.

Mackey, Wade C.. 1986. “A Facet of the Man‐Child Bond: The Teeter‐Totter Effect. Ethology and Sociobiology  7 (2): 117–34.

Mealey, Linda. 1985. “The Relationship between Social Status and Biological Success: A Case Study of the Mormon Religious Hierarchy. Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (4): 249–57.

Morgan, Charles J.1979. “Eskimo Hunting Groups, Social Kinship, and the Possibility of Kin Selection in Humans. Ethology and Sociobiology  1 (1): 83–86.

Otterbein, Keith. 1970. The Evolution of War. New Haven , Conn. : HRAF Press.

Pianka, Eric R.1978. Evolutionary Ecology. 2d ed. New York : Harper and Row.

Rawls, J.1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press.

Richards, Robert. 1982. “Darwin and the Biologizing of Moral Behavior  . In The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth Century Thought, ed. W.Woodward and M.Ash, 43–64. New York : Praeger.

Richards, Robert. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior  . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Richards, Robert. 1986b. “A Defense of Evolutionary Ethic.Biology and Philosophy  1: 265–93.

Ruse, Michael. 1982. Darwinism Defended: A Guide to the Evolution Controversies. Reading, Pa.: Addison‐Wesley.

Ruse, Michael. 1986a. Taking Darwin Seriously. Boston : Blackwell.

Ruse, Michael. 1986b. “Evolutionary Ethics: A Phoenix Arisen. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science  21 (March): 95–112.

Ruse, Michael, and EdwardO. Wilson. 1985. “The Evolution of Ethics. New Scientist  1478: 108–28.

Sahlins, Marshall D.1976. The Use and Abuse of Biology. Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press.

Seiff, Daniela F.1990. “Explaining Biased Sex Ratios in Human Populations: A Critique of Recent Studies. Current Anthropology  31 (1): 25–48.

Service, Elman R.1971. Primitive Social Organization. 2d ed. New York : Random House.

Shepher, Joseph. 1971. “Mate Selection among Second Generation Kibbutz Adolescents and Adults: Incest Avoidance and Negative Imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior  1: 293–307.

ShepherJoseph. 1983. Incest: A Biosocial View. New York : Academic Press.

Shields, William M., and Lea M.Shields. 1983. “Forcible Rape: An Evolutionary Perspective.Ethology and Sociobiology  4(3): 115–36.

Silk, Joan B.1980. “Adoption and Kinship in Oceania. American Anthropologist  82: 799–820.

Silk, Joan B.. 1990. “Human Adoption in Evolutionary Perspective. Human Nature  1: 25–52.

Singer, P.1981. The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology. New York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Smith, Eric A.1985. “Inuit Foraging Groups: Some Simple Models Incorporating Conflict of Interest, Relatedness, and Central Sharing.Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (1): 27–47.

Symons, Donald. 1979. The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Symons, Donald. 1983. “Human Rape: An Evolutionary Analysis.Ethology and Sociobiology  4 (3): 137–73.

Thornhill, Nancy W., and RandyThornhill. 1987. “Evolutionary Theory and Rules of Mating and Marriage Pertaining to Relatives by Consanguinity and Affinity  . In Sociobiology and Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, ed. C.Crawford, M.Smith, and D.Krebs, 373–400. Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum.

Tiger, Lionel, and RobinFox. 1966. “The Zoological Perspective in Social Science. Man  1: 75–81.

TigerLionel. 1971. The Imperial Animal. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Tinbergen, N.1963. “On Aims and Methods of Ethology. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologic  20: 410–33.

Toates, Frederick. 1986. Motivational Systems. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Tooby, John, and LedaCosmides. 1989. “Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Part I.Ethology and Sociobiology  10 (1‐3): 29–49.

Trivers, Robert L.1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Quarterb Review of Biology  46: 35–57.

TriversRobert L.1985. Social Evolution. Menlo Park , Calif. : Benjamin/Cummings.

Turke, Paul W.1985. Fertility Determinants on Ifaluk and Yap: Tests of Economic and Darwinian Hypotheses. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern Univ.

Turke, Paul W.1988. “Helpers at the Nest: Childcare Networks on Ifaluk  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 173–88. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Turke, Paul W.. 1989. “Evolution and the Demand for Children. Population and Development Review  15 (1): 61–90.

Turke, Paul W., and LauraL. Betzig. 1985. “Those Who Can Do: Wealth, Status, and Reproductive Success on Ifaluk.Ethology and Sociobiology  6 (2): 79–87.

Turke. 1986. Ethology and Sociobiology  7 (1): 29–37.

van denBerghe, Pierre L.1979. Human Family Systems: An Evolutionary View. New York : Elsevier.

van denBerghe, Pierre L.. 1980. “Incest and Exogamy: A Sociobiological Reconsideration. Ethology and Sociobiology  1 (2): 151–62.

van denBerghe, Pierre L.. 1983. “Human Inbreeding Avoidance: Culture in Nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences  6: 91–123.

van denBerghe, Pierre L.1987. “Incest Taboos and Avoidance: Some African Applications  . In Sociobiology and Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, ed. C.Crawford, M.Smith, and D.Krebs, 353–71. Hillsdale , N.J. : Erlbaum.

van denBerghe, Pierre L., and GeneM. Mesher. 1980. “Royal Incest and Inclusive Fitness. American Ethnologist  7: 300–317.

Vining, Daniel. 1986. “Social versus Reproductive Success. Behavioral and Brain Sciences  9: 167–216.

Voland, Eckart. 1984. “Human Sex Ratio Manipulation: Historical Data from a German Parish. Journal of Human Evolution  . 13: 99–107.

VolandEckart. 1988. “Differential Infant and Child Mortality in Evolutionary Perspective: Data from Late 17th to 19th Century Ostfriesland (Germany)  . In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. L.Betzig, M.Borgerhoff Mulder, and P.Turke, 253–61. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Weisner, P.1977. “Hxaro: A Regional System of Reciprocity for Reducing Risk among the! Kung Sun  .” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan.

Williams, George C.1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Wilson, Edward O.1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press.

Wilson, Edward O.1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press.

Wittenberger, James F.1981. Animal Social Behavior. Boston : Duxbury Press.

Wolf, Arthur P.1966. “Childhood Association, Sexual Attraction, and the Incest Taboo: A Chinese Case. American Anthropologist  68: 883–98.

Wolf, Arthur P.. 1968. “Adopt a Daughter‐in‐Law, Marry a Sister: A Chinese Solution to the Problem of the Incest Taboo. American Anthropologist  70: 864–74.

Wolf, Arthur P.. 1970. “Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis. American Anthropologist  72: 503–15.

Wolf, Arthur P.1976. “Childhood Association, Sexual Attraction, and Fertility in Taiwan  . In Demographic Anthropology: Quantitative Approaches, ed. E.Zubrow, 227–44. Albuquerque : Univ. of New Mexico Press.

Wolf, Arthur P., and Chieh‐shanHuang. 1980. Marriage and Adoption in China. Stanford , Calif. : Stanford Univ. Press.

Wolf, Arthur P.. 1968. “Adopt a Daughter‐in‐Law, Marry a Sister: A Chinese Solution to the Problem of the Incest Taboo. American Anthropologist  70: 864–74.

Wolf, Arthur P., 1970. “Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis. American Anthropologist  72: 503–15.

Wolf, Arthur P., 1978. “Childhood Association, Sexual Attraction, and Fertility in Taiwan  . In Demographic Anthropology: Quantitative Approaches, ed. E.Zubrow, 227–44. Albuquerque : Univ. of New Mexico Press.

Wolf, Arthur P., and Chieh‐shanHuang. 1980. Marriage and Adoption in China. Stanford , Calif. : Stanford Univ. Press.