Notes

  1. . (a) Sol Tax (ed.), Evolution after Darwin (3 vols.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). These volumes contain papers ranging in topic from cosmic and chemical evolution through biological to cultural evolution. (b) Anne Roe and George Gaylord Simpson (eds.), Behavior and Evolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958). (c) John R. Platt (ed.), New Views of the Nature of Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965). (d) Harlow Shapley (ed.), Science Ponders Religion (New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1960). (e) Hudson Hoagland and Ralph W. Burhoe (eds.), Evolution and Mans Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962). (f) Theodosius Dobzhansky, Mankind Evolving (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962). (g) Bentley Glass, Science and Ethical Values (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965). (h) D. O. Hebb, Organization of Behavior (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1949). (i) M. F. Ashley Montagu, The Direction of Human Development (New York: Harper & Row, 1955). (j) C. H. Waddington, The Ethical Animal (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1961).
  2. Cf., e.g., George Walds statement in Zygon, I, No. 1 (March, 1966), 46.
  3. Cf. A. I. Oparin, The Origin of Life (New York: Macmillan Co., 1938; 2d ed., Dover Publications, 1953). Molecular evolution leading to life and the pioneering work of Oparin were first brought to the attention of this conference in 1954, when George Wald gave a version of a paper, “The Origin of Life,” which was published in the Scientific American of August, 1954. In the decade following that paper, remarkable progress has been made in clarifying our understanding of the physical forces molding the evolution of molecular structures into living systems and molding the subsequent evolution of life. This will be found reflected in Walds “The Origins of Life” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences for August, 1964.
  4. . Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1956).
  5. . Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950; paperback, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1954).
  6. . Schrödinger, op. cit. (n. 4), p. 75.
  7. . Oparin, op. cit. (n. 3), p. 192; also Hans Gaffron, “The Origin of Life,” in Tax (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1a), I, 40. I might point out that this broad conception of “natural selection” as the inherent character or law, being revealed by the sciences, of the way things happen in this cosmos, provides for me a rational and consoling attitude toward some of the perplexing problems of mans future. No matter what wild cultural schemes we may devise, no matter even if we establish cybernetic machines that can exceed all that human societies now can perform, no matter what competing patterns of life may be found elsewhere in the cosmos, we can hypothesize or have faith that, so long as variant or competing trials keep the program open, natural selection will continue to select ever more stable and higher patterns of order or life. We have here the grounds for a scientifically credible concept of a god, or ultimate ground of life, determining all destiny (and hence good), including man's. I am developing such a cosmic theology in other papers.
  8. . See, e.g., Wiener, op. cit. (n. 5), p. 40.
  9. . Anthony F. C. Wallace, An Anthropological View (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 38.
  10. . See, e.g., Hudson Hoaglands “Ethology and Ethics—The Biology of Right and Wrong” in this issue, which was also given at this 1965 IRAS conference, and his “The Brain and Crises in Human Values, Zygon, I, No. 2 (June, 1966), 140–57.
  11. . HarlowShapley, “Life, Hope, and Cosmic Evolution,” Zygon  , I, No. 3 (1966), 275–85.
  12. . Oscar Riddle, “The Emergence of Good and Evil,” in this issue.
  13. .Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1932).
  14. . Th. Dobzhansky, “Mankind Consorting with Things Eternal,” in Shapley (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1d), pp. 117–35.
  15. . A. E. Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,” Scientific Monthly, LXXVIII, No. 2 (February, 1954), 67–85; his “Human Cultural Evolution and Its Relation to Organic Evolution of Termites,” Termites in the Humid Tropics, Proceedings of the New Delhi Symposium (Humid Tropics Research) (Paris: UNESCO, 1962); or the briefer treatment on pp. 319–21 of his paper “The Evolution of Adaptation in Population Systems,” in Tax (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1a), I, 307–48.
  16. . R. W. Gerard, “Comments on Religion in an Age of Science,” in Shapley (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1d), p. 89.
  17. . Hudson Hoagland, “Some Reflections on Science and Religion,” in Shapley (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1d), p. 27.
  18. . A. G. Huntsman, “Poised between the Dictates of Nature and a Peculiar Freedom,” in Shapley (ed.), op cit. (n. 1d), p. 191.
  19. . A. Montagu (see n. 1i).
  20. . H. A. Murray, “Two Versions of Man,” in Shapley (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1d), p. 159.
  21. . Wald, loc. cit. (n. 2).
  22. . Emerson, “Human Cultural Evolution and Its Relation to Organic Evolution of Termites” (n. 15), pp. 2–3.
  23. . R. S.Morison, “Darwinism: Foundation for an Ethical SystemZygon  , I, No. 4 (1966), 348.
  24. . W.Goodenough, “Human Purpose in Life,” Zygon  , I, No. 3 (1966), 218; and also his “Right and Wrong in Human Evolution,” in this issue.
  25. . Hoagland, op. cit. (n. 10).
  26. . Dobzhansky, “Mankind Consorting with Things Eternal” (n. 14), p. 128.
  27. . Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis.” (n. 15), p. 70.
  28. . See the following notes: la, b, e, f, g, i, j: 10: 15: 24: see also Julian S. Huxley, “Evolution, Cultural and Biological,” in W. Thomas (ed.), Yearbook of Anthropolow (New York: Wenner‐Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 1955); Clifford Geertz, “The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man,” in Platt (ed.), op. cit. (n. 1c), pp. 93–118; Clyde Kluckhohn, “The Scientific Study of Values and Contemporary Civilization,” Zygon, I, No. 3 (September, 1966), 230–43; Robert S.Morison, “Where is Biology Taking UsScience  , CLV (January 27, 1967), 429–33; this and the paper by Th. Dobzhansky, “Changing Man,” Science, CLV),1205–13.
  29. . Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis.” (n. 15), p. 71.
  30. . William Ernest Hocking, The Coming World Civilization (New York: Harper & Row, 1956), p. 17.
  31. . Skinner, op. cit. (n. 28). This paper also reinforces my next point, about the lack of perfection inherent in man, at the level of behavioral ontogeny or development. The impossibility of perfection at the genetic and phylogenetic level has been clearly made by the geneticists and evolutionary theorists.
  32. . Harlow Shapley, Of Stars and Men (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958).
  33. . Schrödinger, op. cit. (n. 4).
  34. . Wiener, op. cit. (n. 5), pp. 21, 32.
  35. . Wallace, op. cit. (n. 9), p. 38.
  36. . See, e.g., the following papers in Zygon, I, No. 4 (December, 1966): Theodosius Dobzhansky, “An Essay on Religion, Death, and Evolutionary Adaptation,” pp. 317–31; Morison, “Darwinism: Foundation for an Ethical System?” pp. 347–53; J. P. Warbasse, “On Life and Death and Immortality,” pp. 366–72.
  37. . B. F. Skinner, “The Design of Cultures,” in Hoagland and Burhoe (eds.), op. cit. (n. le), pp. 124–36; Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis.” (n. 15), p. 67; see also n. 10.
  38. . See, e.g., the following papers in Zygon: Anthony F. C.Wallace, “Rituals: Sacred and Profane  ,” I, No. 1 (March, 1966). 60–81;L. K.Frank, “Mans Changing Image of Himself  ,” I, No. 2 (June, 1966), 158–80; and Kluckhohn, op cit. (n. 28).
  39. . See Wallzace, Religion: An Anthropological View (n. 9); Murray, op. cit. (n. 20); and Skinner, “The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior” (n. 28).