Atlan, H.1974. “On a Formal Definition of Organization. Journal of Theoretical Biology  45: 295–304.

Baird, D., and R. E.Ulanowicz. 1989. “The Seasonal Dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem. Ecological Monographs  59: 329–64.

Clements, F. E., and V. E.Shelford. 1989. Bio‐ecology. New York : John Wiley and Sons.

Crick, F. H.1982. Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. New York : Simon and Schuster.

Dawkins, R.1976. The Selfish Gene. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Depew, D., and B. H.Weber. 1994. Darwinism Evolving: System Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection. Cambridge : MIT Press.

Glansdorff, P., and I.Prigogine. 1971. Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations. London : Wiley‐Interscience.

Hannon, B.1973. “The Structure of Ecosystems. Journal of Theoretical Biology  41: 535–46.

Haught, J. F.1984. The Cosmic Adventure: Science, Religion, and the Quest for Purpose. New York : Paulist Press.

Kuhn, T. S.1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2d ed. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Laplace, P. S. [1811] 1951. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Translation by F. W.Truscott and F. L.Emory. New York : Dover Publications.

Leontief, W.1951. The Structure of the American Economy, 1919–1939. 2d ed. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Lewin, R.1984. “Why Is Development So IllogicalScience  224: 1327–29.

Lindeman, R. L.1942. “The Trophic‐Dynamic Aspect of Ecology. Ecology  23: 399–418.

Lovelock, J. E.1979. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Odum, E. P.1969. “The Strategy of Ecosystem Development. Science  164: 262–70.

Patten, B. C., R. W.Bosserman, J. T.Finn, and W. G.Cale. 1976. “Propagation of Cause in Ecosystems  .” In B. C.Patten ed., Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology. Vol. 4, pp. 457–79. New York : Academic Press.

Popper, K. R.1990. A World of Propensities. Bristol : Thoemmes.

Prigogine, I., and I.Stengers. 1984. Order out of chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature. New York : Bantam.

Rosen, R.1991. Life Itself A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin and Fabrication of Life. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Salthe, S. N.1993. Development and Evolution: Complexity and Change in Biology. Cambridge : MIT Press.

Ulanowicz, R. E.1980. “An Hypothesis on the Development of Natural Communities. Journal of Theoretical Biology  85: 223–45.

Ulanowicz, R. E.1986. Growth and Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology. New York : Springer‐Verlag.

Ulanowicz, R. E.1989. “A Phenomenology of Evolving Networks. systems Research  . 6: 209–17.

Ulanowicz, R. E.1990. “Aristotelean Causalities in Ecosystem Development. Oikos  57: 42–48.

Ulanowicz, R. E.1991. “The Ecosystem Structure of Lake Annie, Highlands County, Florida: Preliminary Research Needs  .” Visiting Investigator Report. Lake Placid , Fla. : Archbold Biological Station.

VaticanII. 1965. Second Vatican Council: Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. Washington , D.C. : National Catholic Welfare Conference.

Weber, B. H., D. J.Depew, C.Dyke, S. N.Salthe, E. D.Schneider, R. E.Ulanowicz, and J. S.Wicken. 1989. “Evolution in Thermodynamic Perspective: An Ecological Approach. Biology and Philosophy  4: 373–405.

Westfall, R. S.1980. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Wills, G.1978. Inventing America. Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday.

Wilson, E. O.1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge : Harvard Univ. Press.

Wojtyla, K.1980. “Address of Pope John Paul II. Science  207: 1165–67.

Wulff, F., J. G.Field, and K. H.Mann, eds. 1989. Network Analysis in Marine Ecology. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag.