Notes

1. . Teilhard de Chardin. “Le Dieu de l'évolution,” p. 1 of the typescript deposited in the Hammond Library, Chicago Theological Seminary, by George Crespy. This essay is scheduled to appear in the standard edition of his posthumous publications, Oeuvres (hereafter “Oe.”), Vol. XI, Christianisrne et Evolution (París: Seuil).
2. . From a letter of January 1, 1951, in part as quoted by Claude Cuénot, Teilhard de Chardin, a Biographical Study (Baltimore: Helícon Press, 1965), p. 273.
3. . “Esquisse d'un univers personnel” (1936), Oe., VI, 113.
4. . Ibid.
5. . From a letter of March 6, 1952, in part as quoted by Cuénot, op. cit., p. 355.
6. . Oe., II, 298, n. 2 (211, n. 1).
7. . Ibid., VIII 38 (27).
8. . Cf. his letter of May 18, 1954, in Cuénot, op. cit., p. 369.
9. . Letter of January 31, 1953, ibid., p. 345.
10. . Oe, V, 143, n. 1 (110, n. 1). Cf. Oe, VII, 105, and VI, 111.
11. . Ibid., III, 306 (217).
12. . For the French word, conscience, there is no precise equivalent in English.
13. . Oe., I,52–54 (56–57).
14. . Ibid., VIII, 34 (23). Cf. also II, 363, n. 1 (265, n. 1).
15. . Ibid., I, 51 (55).
16. . Ibid., I, 57 (60–61).
17. . See ibid., I,62 (64).
18. . Letter of April 11, 1953, to Claude Cuénot, as quoted by the latter, op. cit., pp. 255–56. See also the excerpt from a letter of April 18, 1953, ibid., p. 348.
19. . See Oe., VII, 105–6; VI, 111; III, 306 (217).
20. . Zbid., VI, 111.
21. . Ibid.
22. . Compare ibid., I,21–22 (29–30).
23. . See the footnotes referred to in Oe., I,22, n. 1 (29, n. 1).
24. . Ibid., I,22 (30).
25. . Ibid., I, 21 (29).
26. . Ibid.
27. . Ibid., II, 296–97 (209–10).
28. . Ibid., II, 304 (215).
29. . See ibid., II, 363–64 (265–66).
30. . Cf. ibid., II, 298–321 (210–30); I, 180–210 (164–90); VIII, 67–80 (47–57); V, 279–82 (218–20).
31. . Ibid:, VIII, 151–52 (105); I, 276–78 (248–50); V, 209–10 (162–63); and “On Visiting the Cyclotron,” Cuénot, op. cit., 342–43.
32. . Ibid., II, 173–74 (124–25), 322–37 (230–44); VIII, 150–60 (104–12); V, 208–10 (161–64), 317–24 (245–49).
33. . Ibid., I, 300–302 (270–72).
34. . Ibid., II, 340 (246).
35. . Ibid., II, 323, fig. 4 (232, fig. 19); 338–66 (244–69); I, 268–303 (257–72); VIII, 161–67 (112–17); V, 155–56 (122–23).
36. . Ibid., II, 368 (269).
37. . “Le Dieu de l'évolution” (see n. 1 above) (typescript, p. 4). Cf. also Cahiers Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Paris: Seuil, 1965), p. 23.
38. . See Henry A. Bent, The Second Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 40.
39. . Compare RudolphClausius, “Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen,” Annulen der Physik und Chernie  , LXXIX (1850), 368–97; 500–524.
40. . See Bent, op. cit., p. 40.
41. . See Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1961 edition), pp. 64–65.
42. . Theodosius Dobzhansky, The Biology of Ultimate Concern (New York: New American Library, 1967), p. 108.
43. . Robert Bruce Lindsay, The Role of Science in Civilization (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), pp. 290 ff.
44. . Ibid., pp. 153 ff.
45. . Erwin N.Hiebert, “The Uses and Abuses of Thermodynamics in Religion,” Daedalus  , XCV (1966), 1051. Compare Eddington's comment as reported in Bent, op. cit., p. 308.
46. . Lindsay, op. cit., pp. 292–93; cf. Erwin Schrödinger. What Is Life? (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1956), pp. 67–73.
47. . R.Clausius, “Ueber verschiedene fur die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanishen Wärmetheorie,” Annalen der Physik und Chemie  , CXXV (1865), 400:“Die Energie der Welt ist Constant. Die Entropie der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu.”
48. . Oe., II, 318 (228).
49. . Ibid., MI, 344, n. 1.
50. . Ibid., II, 363, n. 1 (265, n. 1).
51. . Ibid., I,60–64 (63–66).
52. . Ibid., I.63 (65).
53. . Ibid., II, 363, n. 1 (265, n. 1).
54. . Ibid., I,62 (64).
55. . Ibid., II, 363 (265).
56. . Ibid., I,62, n. 1 (65, n. 1).
57. . Ibid., I,63 (65).
58. . I am indebted to P. B. Medawar for this illustrative insight into Teilhard See his review of The Phenomenon of Man, in Mind, LXX (1961), 103.
59. . These calculations, based upon a formula derived from L. Brillouin, Science and Information Theory (New York Academic Press,. 1956), were carried out by Donald R. Gentner. a biophysicist and Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Theology and the Sciences for 1967–68.
60. . See, e.g., Oe., III, 361 (254).
61. . Ibid., II, 263, n. 1 (265, n. 1).
62. . Ibid., VIII, 45 (32).
63. . See IsaacAsimov, “Over the Edge of the Universe,” Harper's Magazine  , CCXX‐XIV (March 03, 1967), 97–106.
64. . Oe., I,63 (65–66).
65. . Ibid., VII, 352.
66. . Ibid., 11, 303, fig. 2; 357–66 (216, fig. 17; 260–68).
67. . Ibid., 262 (264).
68. . Ibid., VII, 127, n. 1.
69. . Compare the critique of the Teilhardin “energetics” in George Gaylord Simpson, This Vim of Life (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Harbinger edition, 1963). pp. 227–28.
70. . Oe., II, 297 (210).
71. . For a brief introduction to the history of the Lamarckian‐Darwinian controversy, see Simpson, op. cit., pp. 42–62 et passim.
72. . The influence of Lucien Cuenot is acknowledged in Oe., I. 145–46 (134–35), and correspondence preserved by Claude Cuenot, son of the biologist and Teilhard's biographer. See Cuénot, op. cit., pp. 273–74. On his debt to Bergson, see Julian Huxley's Introduction to The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1959). p. 22, and Teilhard's letter of February 23. 1953, to Huxley, quoted by Cuénot, op. cit., p. 304.
73. . Among outstanding early expositions of the synthetic theory are those by Sir Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (London: Allen & Unwin. 1942), and George G. Simpson, Tempo and Mode in Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944). Simpson, in This View of Life, pp. 63–84 and 206–12, briefly summarizes the theory, and in the appendixes, pp. 290 and 299, suggests additional literature on the subject. Principal contributors to the theory are listed in Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1949), p. 277.
74. . Cf. P. B. Medawar, The Future of Man (New York: New American Library, Mentor, 1959), pp. 86–87.
75. . See, e.g., Oe., I, 163, n. 1, only part of which is translated into the English (149, n. 1); also VIII, 49, 155–57 (35, 108–9).
76. . Ibid., I, 29 (35).
77. . For example, ibid., I, 77–178 (77–162); II, 299–312 (211–22); VIII, 25–112 (17–78).
78. . Cf. ibid., II, 299 ff. (211 ff.).
79. . Ibid., II, 299–304 (211–15).
80. . Ibid., II, 300 (212); cf. V, 278, n. 1 (217, n. 1).
81. . See Hans Galfron, “The Origin of Life,” in Sol Tax (ed.), Evolution after Darwin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), I, 39–82.
82. . See George Beadle and Muriel Beadle, The Language of Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1966); Theodosius Dobzhansky, Heredity and the Nature of Man (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964); Alan Garen, “Sense and Nonsense in the Genetic Code.” Science, CLX, April 12, 1968, 149–59.
83. . See Beadle and Beadle, op. cit., pp. 177–80.
84. . Ibid., pp. 211–13; Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 35–36; and Gaffron, op. cit., pp. 78 ff.
85. . Cf. Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 16 ff.; Beadle and Beadle, op. cit., pp. 96–106.
86. . Thomas Hunt Morgan, The Physical Basis of Heredity (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1919).
87. . Cf. Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 17–20. For reference to comparable anomalies in human genetics, see ibid., p. 123.
88. . Cf. Beadle and Beadle, op. cit., pp. 118–19, 193, 197,225–31.
89. . Cf. Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 121–24.
90. . See ibid., pp. 119–21.
91. . See Ronald A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), pp. 70–120; John B. S. Haldane, The Causes of Evolution (London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1932), pp. 83–110, 171–215. For a summary of these results, with special reference to the work of Sewall Wright, see Simpson, Tempo and Mode, pp. 65–96.
92. . See Simpson, This View of Life, pp. 7475.
93. . Michel Delsol, “The Mechanisms of Evolution,” EncycloPedia of the Life Sci ences; trans. from the French (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1965), II, 32 and n. 5.
94. . Fisher, op. cit., pp. 76–78, 94.
95. . See Alfred S.Romer, “Major Steps in Vertebrate Evolution,” Science  , CLXVIII (1967), 1629–37.
96. . See Bernard Rensch. “The Laws of Evolution,” in Sol Tax (ed.), Evolution after Darwin, I, 95–116.
97. . Simpson, This View of Life, p. 208.
98. . See ibid., pp. 207–12.
99. . Oe., I. 244 (221).
100. . Ibid., VII, 352.
101. . Ibid., II, 313–14 (224–27).
102. . Ibid.
103. . Cf. Ibid., VIII, 151‐57 (105–9); III, 329‐30 (234–35); I. 248 (224).
104. . Ibid., II, 350 (254).
105. . Cf. ibid., I, 251 (226).
106. . Ibid., II, 317 (227); cf. I.336–37 (303).
107. . Ibid., II, 217–26 (157–64), 317 (227); V, 251–71 (196–213); VIII. 154 (107), 159–60(111).
108. . Ibid., VIII. 48 (34); I, 336 (302).
109. . Ibid., VIII, 49 (34 f.).
110. . Ibid.
111. . Ibid., VIII, 155–56 (108); see also I, 336 (302–3).
112. . Ibid., II, 302 (214).
113. . Ibid., II, 316. n. 2 (226, n. 2).
114. . See, e.g., ibid., I, 163, n. 1 (149, n. 1); 336 f. and n. 1 (302 f. and n. 1); V, 257–59 (200–201).
115. . Ibid., VIII, 155–56 (108) (italics mine). The same argument is expanded in V, 257–59 (200–201). See also VIII, 173, n. 1 (121, n. 1).
116. . See, e.g., Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution, p. 278; and Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 125–27.
117. . Cf. Simpson. This View of Life, pp. 52–53, 179.
118. . Delsol, op. cit., passim.
119. . See Oe., VIII, 48 (34).
120. . See ibid., V, 257–59 (200–201).
121. . Zbid., II. 333 (240); cf. also ibid., V, 209 and n. I (163 and n. I); I. 164 (150‐51).
122. . Cf. ibid., I, 51–52 (56–57); and VIII, 25–26 (17–18).
123. . Ibid.,I,243(220).
124. . Ibid., I,197 (178).
125. . Ibid., I.336 (302).
126. . See ibid., I,247 (223); and II, 335–37 (242–44).
127. . Ibid., V, 257–58 (200–201).
128. . Ibid., I,248 ff. (224 ff.); cf. III, 221–22 (157–59).
129. . Ibid., VIII, 48(34).
130. . Ibid., I,184 (168).
131. . Cf. ibid., V. 257–58 (200–201).
132. . Ibid., I,163, n. 1 and 164 (149, n. 1, and 150).
133. . See Ibid., II. 335, n. 1 (242, n. 1).
134. . Ibid., VIII. 49 (35).
135. . Compare Alfred E.Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,” Scientific Monthly  , LXXVII. No. 2 (1954), 67–85; reprinted in Zygon, Vol. III (June, 1968).
136. . Oe., II, 349 (253) (1954); compare the earlier (1938) Oe., I, 163, n. 1 (150, n. 1).
137. . Ibid., I,165 (151).
138. . See ibid., 172–73 (123–24); III, 259 ff. (253 ff.); V, 256–58 (199–201) and 271 (212).
139. . Ibid., III, 384, n. 1 (261, n. 1).
140. . Simpson, This View of Life, p. 229.
141. . Oe., I, 114 and n. 1 (108 and n. 1).
142. . Ibid., V, 204, n. 1 (158, n. 1).
143. . Ibid., VIII, 131 (90).
144. . See ibid., II, 304 (215); III, 389 f. (272 f.).
145. . Ibid., II, 304 (215). Compare ibid., 195–96 (139).
146. . Ibid., IX, 199; cf. VIII. 158 (110).
147. . Ibid., II, 309 (220).
148. . See ibid., II, 196 (139).
149. . Ibid., I, 158 (146).
150. . Ibid., 165–66 (152).
151. . Ibid., V, 279 (218).
152. . Ibid., VIII, 70–72 (49–50).
153. . Ibid.
154. . Ibid., 78 (55).
155. . Ibid., I, 249 (224).
156. . Ibid.,III,96f. (66 f.).
157. . Ibid., VIII, 21 (15).
158. . See pp. 275–91 above, and Oe. 11, 217–26 (157–64), 317 (227); V, 223 (176 ff.), 251–71 (196–213); VIII (111).
159. . Oe., VII, 335–53. See also I. 267–68 (241–43); II, 338–66 (244–68); III, 193, n. 2 (138, n. 2); V. 317–36 (244–59), 371 ff. (284 ff.); VII, 331–32, 373–77; VIII, 158 ff. (110 ff.); IX, 248.
160. . See, for example, ibid., II, p. 323, fig. 4 (232, fig. 19).
161. . Ibid., V, 67 (46); VII, 214–19, 232–33, 295–309; VIII, 25–53 (17–36); 144–160 (100–112).
162. . Cf. ibid., III, 374, n. 1 (263, n. 1); V, 209–10 (162–63).
163. . Medawar, in Mind (see n. 58 above), pp. 102–3.
164. . See Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 151 ff., and The Biology of Ultimate Concern (see n. 42 above), pp. 108–37. See also Huxley, “Introduction,” pp. 15 ff.
165. . Oe., II. 339 (245).
166. . Ibid., II, 312–21 (222–28); cf. ibid., VIII, 89–112 (61–78).
167. . Ibid., II, 322–37 (230–44); cf. ibid., 168 (119); 173–74 (125); 216 (156); VI, 71–89; VIII, 115–33 (79–92); 139–60 (96112).
168. . Ibid., II, 338‐66 (244–68); VIII. 161–73 (112–21).
169. . Ibid., VIII. 135–36 (94); cf. ibid., 139–40 (96–97).
170. . Ibid., II, 173–74 (125); V, 341–42. 371–72 (262, 285); VIII, 19–20 (14–15).
171. . Ibid., V. 146 f. (113 f.); 161 ff. (126 ff.); 248 (194), 320 (245), 330 (254).
172. . Ibid., III, 75–112 (51–79); V. 255, 257 (198, 200); 294–98 (228–31); 380–81 (292).
173. . Ibid., V, 296–98 (229–31).
174. . Ibid., V, 265 (207); VI, 75–89; VIII, 139–73 (96–121).
175. . Ibid., VI, 180; cf. VIII, 161–67 (112–17).
176. . Ibid., I, 308–17 (277–85); 338–41 (304–7); 11, 168 (119); 174 (125); 327–32 (235–39); III, 373–74 (262–63); 329 f. (234 f.); V, 58–60 (3940); 63–65 (43–44); 208–10 (161–63), 271 (212). 282–85 (220–23), 329–30 (253–54); VI, 165–71; VIII, 115–24 (79–82); 139–73 (96–121).
177. . Ibid., I, 285–86 (257); II, 322 (230), 326 (234), 329 (237); V, 325–36 (249–59); VIII, 139–73 (96–121).
178. . Ibid., II, 352–56 (253–59); V, 365–74 (281–88).
179. . Ibid., V, 330 (254).
180. . “Le Christique,” scheduled for publication in Oe., X (typescript, p. 4).
181. . Cf. Oe., II. 326 (234).
182. . Ibid., V, 325–26 (250).
183. . Ibid., VIII, 145–46 (100–101).
184. . Ibid., V. 330 (254).
185. . See ibid., VIII, 146–50 (1014).
186. . Ibid., V, 393 (301).
187. . Ibid., III, 374 (263).
188. . Cf. ibid., V, 297–98 (231), and 257 (200).
189. . Ibid., II, 158–60 and n. 1 (110–11 and n. 1).
190. . Ibid., V, 161 ff. (126 ff.).
191. . Ibid., VIII, 151 (105).
192. . Ibid., V, 394–95 (303).
193. . Ibid., VIII, 150–51 (104).
194. . Ibid., VIII, 151–54 (105–7). Cf. V, op. cit., 394–95 (303).
195. . Ibid., V, 333 (257).
196. . Cf. ibid., VIII, 145, n. 1 (101, n. 1); and V, 60 (40); 330 (254).
197. . Ibid., II, 352–56 (255–59); V, 365–74 (281–88).
198. . Cf. ibid., II, 352–53 (255, 257); and VI, 189–90.
199. . 3 V, 151–52 (118–19).
200. . Ibid., I, 285 (257).
201. . Cf. ibid., V. 330 (254).
202. . Ibid., VI, 70.
203. . Ibid., VI, 143–200 (August, 1937).
204. . Ibid., V. 251–71 (196–213) (September, 1947).
205. . Ibid., V, 265 (207).
206. . Ibid.,
207. . Ibid., VI, 90.
208. . Ibid., VII. 77.
209. . Ibid., VII, 125.
210. . Ibid., I,294 (264).
211. . Ibid., VII, 132.
212. . Ibid., VII, 127–28, n. 1.
213. . Ibid., VI, 91 ff.
214. . Ibid., 93.
215. . Ibid., 94–95.
216. . Ibid., 97.
217. . “Le Coeur de la matière” (typescript, p. 41).
218. . Oe., VI, 101.
219. . Ibid., VII, 126.
220. . Ibid., I, 294 (264–65).
221. . Ibid., VI, 90.
222. . Ibid., VIII, 166 (116); cf. “Le Christique,” (typescript, p. 8).
223. . Oe., IX, 247.
224. . Ibid., VIII, 165–66 (115–16).
225. . Ibid., VI, 111; VII, 105–6.
226. . Ibid., VII, 103–134. The list varies. See also ibid., I, 278–303 (268–72); and VI, 172–81.
227. . Ibid., VIII, 118.
228. . Ibid., VII, 118,122 ff.
229. . Ibid., VI, 176–80.
230. . Ibid., VII, 118.
231. . Ibid., VII, 122–24; cf. V, 74 (53).
232. . Ibid., VII, 126.
233. . “Comment Je Vois” (typescript, p. 14).
234. . Oe., VI, 176–80.
235. . Ibid., VII, 125.
236. . Ibid., VII, 118.
237. . Ibid., VI, 180; cf. I, 299–300 (269).
238. . Ibid., VII, 119.
239. . Ibid., I, 301 (270).
240. . Cf. ibid., VIII, 172 (120, n. 1).
241. . Ibid., VII, 243; cf. ibid., 348.
242. . Ibid., VIII, 172 (120–21).
243. . “Comment Je Vois” (typescript, p. 13).
244. . Oe., VI, 175–76.
245. . Ibid., I, 300 (270).
246. . “Le Dieu de I'évolution” (see n. 1 above) (typescript, p. 4).
247. . From Cuénot, op. cit., p. 272.
248. . “Le Dieu de 1Yvolution.” p. 2.
249. . Oe., I, 328 (294).
250. . Cf. “Le Christique” (n. 180 above), p. 8; and section 11, above.
251. . Oe., III, 238, n. 1 (170, n. 1); cf. 11, 359–64 (262–66).
252. . Ibid., II, 359 (262).
253. . Ibid., I, 259 (234); see also ibid., 21 (29).
254. . Ibid., I, 302–3 (272).
255. . Ibid., V, 285, n. 1 (223. n. 1).
256. . Ibid., II, 362 (264). The translation is that of J. M. Cohen.
257. . Oe. II, 361–64 (264–66).
258. . Translation from Anne Freemantle (ed.), The Papal Encyclicals in Their Historical Context (New York: New American Library, Mentor Religious Classics, 1956), p. 287.
259. . Medawar, op. cit., pp. 94–106; Simpson, This View of Life, pp. 224–32.
260. . Theodosius Dobzhansky, Mankind Evolving (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962), pp. 347–48; also Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 151–52, 171; and The Biology of Ultimate Concern, pp. 11447. See Huxley, “Introduction,” and his tribute to Teilhard quoted by Cuéot, op. cit., 303. See also the review of The Phenomenon of Mqn by Joseph Needham in New Statesman, 1959, LVIII, 632 ff.
261. . Cf. Dobzhansky, 3 p. 137.
262. . Cf. Dobzhansky, 3 p. 347.
263. . Dobzhansky, Heredity, pp. 75–77.
264. . See Emerson, op. cit. (n. 135 above).
265. . See ibid