Abadie, Alberto. 2004. “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism. American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings)  96:50–56.

Alcock, John. 1998. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach.6th ed. Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer.

Alexander, Richard D.1986. “Ostracism and Indirect Reciprocity: The Reproductive Significance of Humor. Ethology and Sociobiology  7:253–70.

Alexander, Richard D.1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York : Aldine de Gruyter.

Alexander, Richard D.1990. “Epigenetic Rules and Darwinian Algorithms. Ethology and Sociobiology  11:241–303.

Andelson, Jonathan G.1983. “Communitarianism, Familism, and Individualism among the Inspirationists at Amana. International Journal of Sociology of the Family  13:45–62.

Argo, Nichole. 2006a. “The Role of Social Context in Terrorist Attacks. Chronicle of Higher Education  52 (22): B15–16.

Argo, Nichole. 2006b. “Human Bombs: Rethinking Religion and Terror  . Audits of Conventional Wisdom  (April). MIT Center for International Studies. http://web.mit.edu/cis/acw.html.

Atran, Scott. 2003. “Genesis of Suicide Terrorism. Science  299:1534–39.

Atran, Scott. 2004. “Mishandling Suicide Terrorism. Washington Quarterly  27 (3): 67–90.

Atran, Scott. 2006. “The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism. Washington Quarterly  29 (2): 127–47.

Atran, Scott, and JessicaStern. 2005. “Small Groups Find Fatal Purpose through the Web. Nature  437: 620.

Azam, Jean‐Paul. 2005. “Suicide‐Bombing as Inter‐Generational Investment. Public Choice  122:177–98.

Bandura, Albert. 1990. “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement  .” In Origins of Terrorism: Psychological Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. WalterReich, 161–91. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Barnett, H. G.1953. Innovation: The Basis of Cultural Change. New York : McGraw‐Hill.

Barrett, Louise, RobinDunbar, and JohnLycett. 2002. Human Evolutionary Psychology. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Bshary, Redouan. 2002. “Biting Cleaner Fish Use Altruism to Deceive Image‐Scoring Client Reef Fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B  269:2087–93.

Batson, Daniel C.2002. “Addressing the Altruism Question Experimentally  .” In Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue, ed. Stephen G.Post, Lynn G.Underwood, Jeffrey P.Schloss, and William B.Hurlbut, 89–105. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Becker, Ernest [1973] 1997. The Denial of Death. New York : Free Press.

Bering, Jesse M., and David F.Bjorklund. 2004. “The Natural Emergence of Reasoning about the Afterlife as a Developmental Regularity. Developmental Psychology  40 (2): 217–33.

Bering, Jesse M., CarlosHernandez Blasi, and David F.Bjorklund. 2005. “The Development of ‘Afterlife’ Beliefs in Religiously and Secularly Schooled Children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology  23 (4): 587–607.

Bernard, Luther Lee. 1926. An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York : Henry Holt.

Betzig, Laura. 1988. “Mating and Parenting in Darwinian Perspective  .” In Human Reproductive Behavior: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. LauraBetzig, MoniqueBorgerhoff Mulder, and PaulTurke, 3–20. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Betzig, Laura. 1997. “People Are Animals  .” In Human Nature: A Critical Reader, ed. LauraBetzig, 1–17. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Blackwell, Aaron D.2006. Middle‐Class Martyrs: Modeling the Fitness Effects of Palestinian Suicide Attack  . Paper presented at the Northwest Anthropological Conference, Seattle, Washington, 1 April.

Bloom, Mia. 2005. Dyingto Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Boyd, Robert, and Peter J.Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.

Boyd, Robert, and Peter J.Richerson. 1989. “The Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity. Social Networks  11:213–36.

Boyd, R., H.Gintis, S.Bowles, and P. J.Richerson. 2003. “The Evolution of Altruistic Punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA  100:3531–35.

Bromley, David G., Anson D.ShupeJr., and Donna L.Oliver. 1982. “Perfect Families: Visions of the Future in a New Religious Movement. Marriage and Family Review  4 (3/4): 119–29.

Brosnan, Sarah F., and Frans B. M.De Waal. 2002. “A Proximate Perspective on Reciprocal Altruism. Human Nature  13 (1): 129–52.

Brown, Donald. 1991. Human Universals. Philadelphia : Temple Univ. Press.

Brown, R. M., E.Dahlen, C.Mills, J.Rick, and A.Biblarz. 1999. “Evaluation of an Evolutionary Model of Self‐Preservation and Self‐Destruction. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior  29 (1): 58–71.

Brym, Robert J., and BaderAraj. 2006. “Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada. Social Forces  84 (4): 1969–86.

Byrne, Richard W., and AndrewWhiten. 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford : Clarendon.

Carsten, Janet. 2004. After Kinship. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Chivers, C. J., and D.Rhode. 2002a. “Turning out Guerillas and Terrorists to Wage a Holy War. New York Times  , March 18.

Chivers, C. J., and D.Rhode. 2002b. “A Nation Challenged: Al‐Qaeda's Grocery Lists and Manuals of Killing. New York Times  , March 17.

Cialdini, Robert B., Stephanie L.Brown, Brian P.Lewis, CarolLuce, and Steven L.Neuberg. 1997. “Reinterpreting the Empathy‐Altruism Relationship: When One into One Equals Oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  73 (3): 481–94.

Clow, Frederick R.1919. “Cooley's Doctrine of Primary Groups. American Journal of Sociology  25 (3): 326–47.

Clutton‐Brock, T. H., and G. A.Parker. 1995. “Punishment in Animal Societies. Nature  373:209–16.

Cosmides, Leda, and JohnTooby. 1992. “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange  .” In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, ed. Jerome H.Barkow, LedaCosmides, and JohnTooby, 163–228. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Crenshaw, Martha. 1988. “Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches  .” In Inside Terrorist Organizations, ed. David C.Rapoport, 13–31. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Crenshaw, Martha. 1990. “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice  .” In Origins of Terrorism: Psychological Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. WalterReich, 7–24. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Cronk, Lee. 1994. “Evolutionary Theories of Morality and the Manipulative Use of Signals. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science  29:81–101.

Daly, Martin, CatherineSalmon, and MargoWilson. 1997. “Kinship: The Conceptual Hole in Psychological Studies of Social Cognition and Close Relationships  .” In Evolutionary Social Psychology, ed. Jeffry A.Simpson and Douglas T.Kenrick, 265–96. Mahwah , N.J. : Erlbaum.

Daly, Martin, and MargoWilson. 1982. “Whom Are Newborn Babies Said to Resemble?. Ethology and Sociobiology  3:69–78.

Davis, Rex, and James T.Richardson. 1993. “The Organization and Functioning of the Children of God  . “In New and Intense Movements, ed. Martin E.Marty, 322–40. Modern American Protestantism and Its World No. 11. Munich : K. G. Saur.

Dawkins, Richard. 1979. “Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie  51:184–200.

DeBruine, Lisa M., B. C.Jones, A. C.Little, and D. I.Perrett. 2008. “Social Perception of Facial Resemblance in Humans. Archives of Sexual Behavior  37 (1): 64–77.

DeCatanzaro, D.1986. “A Mathematical Model of Evolutionary Pressures Regulating Self‐Preservation and Self‐Destruction. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior  16:166–81.

DeCatanzaro, D.1991. “Evolutionary Limits to Self‐Preservation. Ethology and Sociobiology  12:13–28.

De Vos, Henk, and EvelienZeggelink. 1997. “Reciprocal Altruism in Human Social Evolution: The Viability of Reciprocal Altruism with a Preference for ‘Old‐Helping‐Partners’. Evolution and Human Behavior  18:261–78.

Durkheim, Emile [1897] 1997. Suicide. New York : Free Press.

Emlen, Stephen T.1995. “An Evolutionary Theory of the Family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  92 (18): 8092–99.

Emlen, Stephen T.1997. “Predicting Family Dynamics in Social Vertebrates  .” In Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, 4th ed., ed. John R.Krebs and Nicholas B.Davies, 228–53. Oxford : Blackwell Science.

Ermer, Elsa, LedaCosmides, and JohnTooby. 2007. “Functional Specialization and the Adaptationist Program  .” In The Evolution of Mind: Fundamental Questions and Controversies, ed. Steven W.Gangestad and Jeffry A.Simpson, 153–60. New York : Guilford.

Esposito, John L.2002. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Essock‐Vitale, S. M., and M. T.McGuire. 1985. “Women's Lives Viewed from an Evolutionary Perspective. II. Patterns of Helping. Ethology and Sociobiology  6:155–73.

Ferrero, Mario. 2006. “Martyrdom Contracts. Journal of Conflict Resolution  50 (6): 855–77.

Fields, M., S.Elbedour, and F.Abu Hein. 2002. “The Palestinian Suicide Bomber  .” In The Psychology of Terrorism, vol. 2, ed. Chris E.Stout, 193–224. Westport , Conn. : Praeger.

Fletcher, David J. C., and Charles D.Michener, eds.. 1987. Kin Recognition in Animals. New York : John Wiley.

Flohr, H.1987. “Biological Bases of Social Prejudices  .” In The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism, ed. VernonReynolds, VincentFalger and IanVine, 190–207. London : Croom Helm.

Forquer, John A.1995. “The Kamikaze, Samurai Warrior: A New Appraisal  .” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1995/fja.htm.

Ganor, Boaz. 2002. “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man's Freedom Fighter?. Police Practice and Research  3:287–304.

Gauthier, Isabel, and Nikos K.Logothetis. 2000. “Is Face Recognition Not So Unique After All?. Cognitive Neuropsychology  17:125–42.

Ghosh, Aparisim. 2005. “Inside the Mind of an Iraqi Suicide Bomber  .” Time, June 26. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1077288,00.html.

Giallombardo, Rose. 1966. Society of Women: A Study of a Women's Prison. New York : Wiley.

Gintis, Herbert, SamuelBowles, RobertBoyd, and ErnstFehr. 2003. “Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans. Evolution and Human Behavior  24:153–72.

Goetze, David B., and PatrickJames. 2004. “Evolutionary Psychology and the Explanation of Ethnic Phenomena. Evolutionary Psychology  2:142–59.

Goldberg, Jeffrey. 2001. “Letter from Gaza: The Martyr Strategy: What Does the New Phase of Terrorism Signify?The New Yorker  , July 9, 34–39.

Goodwin, Jeff. 2006. “What Do We Really Know about (Suicide) Terrorism?. Sociological Forum  21 (2): 315–30.

Gould, Harold A.2003. “Suicide as Weapon of Mass Destruction?  CounterPunch  , November 28. http://www.counterpunch.org/gould11282003.html.

Grammer, Karl. 1998. “Sex and Gender in Advertisements  .” In Indoctrinability, Ideology, and Warfare, ed. IrenausEibl‐Eibesfeldt and Frank K.Salter, 219–40. New York : Berghahn.

Gray, J. Patrick. 1985. Primate Sociobiology. New Haven , Conn. : HRAF Press.

Gunaratna, Rohan. 2002. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Gunawardena, A.2004. LTTE “Black Tigers”: The Sri Lankan Experience  . Unpublished paper presented at the National Institute of Justice Suicide Terrorism Conference, October, Washington, D.C.

Gurven, Michael. 2006. “The Evolution of Contingent Cooperation. Current Anthropology  47: 185–92.

Hafez, Mohammed M.2006. Manufacturing Human Bombs. Washington , D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press.

Hafez, Mohammed M.2007. Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom. Washington , D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press.

Hamilton, William D.1963. “The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior. American Naturalist  97:354–56.

Hamilton, William D.1964. “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, I. Journal of Theoretical Biology  7:1–16.

Harrison, Mark. 2006. “An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorism. World Economics  7 (3): 1–15.

Henderson, William D.1985. Cohesion: The Human Element in Combat. Washington , D.C. : National Defense Univ. Press.

HoffmanBruce. 1998. Inside Terrorism. New York : Columbia Univ. Press.

Hoffman, Bruce, and Gordon H.McCormick. 2004. “Terrorism, Signaling, and Suicide Attack. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism  27 (4): 243–82.

Hudson, Rex. 1999. “The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?  ” Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/frd.html.

Hughes, Austin L.1988. Evolution and Human Kinship. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Interdisciplines.2006. “Understanding Suicide Terrorism  .” Online Conference. http://www.interdisciplines.org/terrorism.

Ismail, Noor Huda. 2006. “The Role of Kinship in Indonesia's Jemaah Islamiya. Terrorism Monitor  4 (11): 6–9.

Jane's Intelligence Digest.2007. “Iraq's Yemeni Suicide Bombers  .” June 4.

Jennions, Michael D., and David W.Macdonald. 1994. “Cooperative Breeding in Mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  9:89–93.

Johnson, Gary R.1986. “Kin Selection, Socialization, and Patriotism: An Integrating Theory. Politics and the Life Sciences  4 (2): 127–54.

Johnson, Gary R.1989. “The Role of Kin Recognition Mechanisms in Patriotic Socialization: Further Reflections. Politics and the Life Sciences  8:62–69.

Johnson, Gary R., Susan H.Ratwick, and Timothy J.Sawyer. 1987. “The Evocative Significance of Kin Terms in Patriotic Speech  .” In The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism, ed. VernonReynolds, VincentFalger, and IanVine, 157–74. London : Croom Helm.

Johnson, Jill L., Francis T.McAndrew, and Paul B.Harris. 1991. “Sociobiology and the Naming of Adopted and Natural Children. Ethology and Sociobiology  12:365–75.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2000. Terror in the Mind of God. Berkeley : Univ. of California Press.

Kanazawa, Satoshi. 2003. “Can Evolutionary Psychology Explain Reproductive Behavior in the Contemporary United States?. Sociological Quarterly  44 (2): 291–302.

Kellett, Anthony. 1990. “The Soldier in Battle: Motivational and Behavioral Aspects of the Combat Experience  .” In Psychological Dimensions of War, ed. BettyGlad, 215–35. Newbury Park , Calif. : Sage.

Khasan, Hilal. 2003. “Collective Palestinian Frustration and Suicide Bombings. Third World Quarterly  24:1049–67.

Khosrokhavar, Farhad. 2005. Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs. London : Pluto.

Kirkpatrick, Lee A.2001. “Toward an Evolutionary Psychology of Religion and Personality. Journal of Personality  67:921–52.

Krebs, D. L., and K.Denton. 1997. “Social Illusions and Self‐Deception: The Evolution of Biases in Person Perception  .” In Evolutionary Social Psychology, ed. Jeffry A.Simpson and Douglas T.Kenrick, 21–47. Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.

Krueger, Alan B., and JitckaMaleckova. 2003. “Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?. Journal of Economic Perspectives  17:119–44.

Kruger, D. J.2001. “Psychological Aspects of Adaptations for Kin Directed Altruistic Helping Behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality  29:323–30.

Kruglanski, Arie W., and AgnieszkaGolec. 2004. “Individual Motivations, the Group Process and Organizational Strategies in Suicide Terrorism  .” In Suicide Missions and the Market for Martyrs, A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. Eva M.Meyersson Milgrom. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~hannahk/terror.html.

Kushner, Harvey W.1996. “Suicide Bombers: Business as Usual. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism  19:329–37.

Kuznar, Lawrence A.2007. “Rationality Wars and the War on Terror: Explaining Terrorism and Social Unrest. American Anthropologist  109 (2): 318–29.

Lockard, Joan S., and Delroy L.Paulhus, eds.. 1988. Self‐Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice Hall.

Logan, Michael H., and Hector N.Qirko. 1996. “An Evolutionary Perspective on Maladaptive Traits. American Journal of Human Biology  8 (6): 615–29.

Madsen, E., R.Tunney, G.Fieldman, H.Plotkin, R.Dunbar, J.‐M.Richardson, and D. J.McFarland. 2007. “Kinship and Altruism, A Cross‐Cultural Experimental Study. British Journal of Psychology  98 (2): 339–59.

Mannes, Aaron. 2004. Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham , Md. : Rowman and Littlefield.

McCauley, Clark. 2000. “Some Things Psychologists Think They Know about Aggression and Violence. HFG Review of Research  4 (1). http://www.hfg.org/hfg_review/4/mccauley.htm.

McCauley, Clark. 2001. “The Psychology of Terrorism  . Social Science Research Council Essays  . http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/mccauley.htm.

McCauley, Clark. 2002. “Psychological Issues in Understanding Terrorism and the Response to Terrorism  .” In The Psychology of Terrorism, vol. 3, ed. Chris E.Stout, 3–29. Westport , Conn. : Praeger.

Merari, Ariel. 1990. “The Readiness to Kill and Die: Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East  .” In Origins of Terrorism: Psychological Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. WalterReich, 192–207. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.

Merari, Ariel. 2005. “Suicide Terrorism  .” In Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Suicidal Behavior, ed. Robert I.Yufit and DavidLester, 431–53. New York : Wiley.

Moghadam, Assaf. 2002. “Suicide Bombings in the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict: A Conceptual Framework  . Project for the Research of Islamist Movements  (PRISM), May. http://www.e‐prism.org/articlesbyotherscholars.html.

Moghadam, Assaf. 2003. “Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada: Motivations and Organizational Aspects. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism  26 (2): 65–92.

Moghadam, Assaf. 2006. The Roots of Terrorism. New York : Chelsea.

Moghaddam, Fathali M., Donald M.Taylor, and Stephen C.Wright. 1993. Social Psychology in Cross‐Cultural Perspective. New York : W. H. Freeman.

Murdock, George P., and Douglas R.White. 1969. “Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample. Ethnology  8 (4): 329–69.

Nash, Manning. 1994. “Is Culture ‘Good’ in the Microcosm of the Firm?  ” In Anthropological Perspectives on Organizational Culture, ed. TomokoHamada and Willis E.Sibley, 293–300. Lanham , Md. : Univ. Press of America.

Nesse, Randolph M.2001. “Natural Selection and the Capacity for Subjective Commitment  .” In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, ed. Randolph M.Nesse, 1–41. New York : Russell Sage.

Nowak, Martin A., and KarlSigmund. 1998. “Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring. Nature  393:573–77.

Oates, Kerris, and MargoWilson. 2002. “Nominal Kinship Cues Facilitate Altruism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B  269 (1487): 105–9.

Okasha, Samir. 2005. “Biological Altruism  .” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer ed.), ed. Edward N.Zaltahttp://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/altruism‐biological/.

Oliver, Anne Marie, and Paul F.Steinberg. 2005. The Road to Martyr's Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Pape, Robert A.2003. “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. American Political Science Review  97 (3): 1–19.

Pape, Robert A.2005. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York : Random House.

Pedahzur, Ami, and AriePerliger. 2006. “The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective. Social Forces  84 (4): 1987–2004.

Pedahzur, Ami, AriePerliger, and LeonardWeinberg. 2003. “Altruism and Fatalism: The Characteristics of Palestinian Suicide Terrorists. Deviant Behavior  24:405–23.

Post, Jerrold M.1984. “Notes on a Psychodynamic Theory of Terrorist Behavior. Terrorism  7 (3): 241–56.

Post, Jerrold M.1987. “Group and Organisational Dynamics of Political Terrorism: Implications for Counterterrorist Policy  .” In Contemporary Research on Terrorism, ed. PaulWilkinson and Alasdair M.Stewart, 307–17. Aberdeen , Scotland : Aberdeen Univ. Press.

Post, Jerrold M.2007. The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to al‐Qaeda. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.

Post, Stephen G., Lynn G.Underwood, JeffreySchloss, and William B.Hurlbut, eds.. 2002. Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Price, Michael E.2003. “Pro‐Community Altruism and Social Status in a Shuar Village. Human Nature  14 (2): 191–208.

Qirko, Hector N.2002. “The Institutional Maintenance of Celibacy. Current Anthropology  43 (2): 321–28.

Qirko, Hector N.2004a. “'Fictive Kin' and Suicide Terrorism. Science  304:49–51.

Qirko, Hector N.2004b. “Altruistic Celibacy, Kin‐Cue Manipulation, and the Development of Religious Institutions. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science  39:681–706.

Qirko, Hector N.2005. Is Human Non‐kin Altruism Really Such a Problem for Evolutionists?  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Austin, Texas, 3 June.

Reuter, Christopher. 2004. My Life Is a Weapon: A Modern History of Suicide Bombing. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Reuter, John. 2004. “Chechnya's Suicide Bombers: Desperate, Devout, or Deceived?” Washington , D.C. : The American Committee for Peace in Chechnya. http://www.peaceinthecaucasus.org/reports/SuicideReport/SuicideReport.pdf.

Reuter, John. 2005. “The Calculus of Chechnya's Suicide Bombers. Chechnya Weekly  6 (2), January 13. http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/cw/cw_v6_2/cw_v6_2.pdf.

Ridley, Matt. 1993. The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. New York : Penguin.

Riemer, Jeffrey W.1998. “Durkheim's ‘Heroic Suicide’ in Military Combat. Armed Forces and Society  25 (1): 103–20.

Rockenbach, Bettina, and ManfredMilinski. 2006. “The Efficient Interaction of Indirect Reciprocity and Costly Punishment. Nature  444:718–23.

Rogers, Everett M., and Floyd F.Shoemaker. 1971. Communication of Innovations: A Cross‐Cultural Approach. New York : The Free Press.

Saad, Gad. 2007. The Evolutionary Bases of Consumption. Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.

Sageman, Marc. 2005. “Understanding Jihadi Networks. Strategic Insights  4 (4). http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/Apr/sagemanApr05.asp.

Sahlins, Marshall. 1976. The Use and Abuse of Biology. Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press.

Saleh, Basel. 2004. “Palestinian Suicide Attacks Revisited: A Critique of Current Wisdom  .” Peace and Conflict Monitor. http://www.monitor.upeace.org/archive.cfm?id_article=237.

Schbley, Ayla Hammond. 2000. “Torn between God, Family, and Money: The Changing Profile of Lebanon's Religious Terrorists. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism  23:175–96.

Schbley, Ayla, and ClarkMcCauley. 2005. “Political, Religious, and Psychological Characteristics of Muslim Protest Marchers in Eight European Cities: Jerusalem Day 2002. Terrorism and Political Violence  17:551–72.

Schino, Gabriele. 2007. “Grooming and Agonistic Support: A Meta‐Analysis of Primate Reciprocal Altruism. Behavioral Ecology  18 (1): 115–20.

Schloss, Jeffrey P.2002. “Emerging Accounts of Altruism  .” In Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue, ed. Stephen G.Post, Lynn G.Underwood, Jeffrey P.Schloss, and William B.Hurlbut, 212–42. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Schneider, David M.1984. A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press.

Schroeder, David A., Louis A.Penner, John F.Dovidio, and Jane A.Piliavin. 1995. The Psychology of Helping and Altruism: Problems and Puzzles. New York : McGraw‐Hill.

Schwimmer, Erik. 1974. “Friendship and Kinship: An Attempt to Relate Two Anthropological Concepts  .” In The Compact: Selected Dimensions of Friendship, ed. LynneElliott, 49–70. St. John's, Newfoundland : Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland.

Seinen, Ingrid, and ArthurSchram. 2006. “Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Repeated Helping Experiment. European Economic Review  50 (3): 581–602.

Seyfarth, Robert M., and Dorothy L.Cheney. 1984. “Grooming, Alliances and Reciprocal Altruism in Vervet Monkeys. Nature  308:541–43.

Shavit, Yossi, Claude S.Fischer, and YaelKoresh. 1994. “Kin and Nonkin under Collective Threat: Israelis during the Gulf War. Social Forces  72:1197–1215.

Shepher, Joseph. 1971. “Mate Selection among Second Generation Kibbutz Adolescents and Adults: Incest Avoidance and Negative Imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior  1:293–307.

Sherman, Paul W., and Warren G.Holmes. 1985. “Kin Recognition: Issues and Evidence  .” In Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, ed. BertHolldobler and MartinLinauer, 437–60. New York : Fischer‐Verlag.

Shetfall, M. G.2006. Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. New York : NAL.

Silke, Andrew. 2003. “The Psychology of Suicidal Terrorism  . “In Terrorist, Victims, and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and Its Consequences, ed. AndrewSilke, 93–108. West Sussex , England : Wiley.

Smith, David L.2004. Why We Lie: The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind. New York : St. Martin's.

Smith, M. F., B. J.Kish, and C. B.Crawford. 1987. “Inheritance of Wealth as Human Kin Investment. Ethology and Sociobiology  8:171–82.

Sober, Elliott, and DavidSloan Wilson. 1999. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge : Harvard Univ. Press.

Sornarajah, Nanthini. 2004. “The Experiences of Tamil Women: Nationalism, Construction of Gender, and Women's Political Agency.” Part II. Lines  3 (2). http://www.lines‐magazine.org/index.html.

Sosis, Richard, and CandaceAlcorta. 2003. “Signaling, Solidarity, and the Sacred: The Evolution of Religious Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology  12:264–74.

Speckhard, Anne, and KhaptaAhkmedova. 2006. “The Making of a Martyr: Chechen Suicide Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism  29:429–92.

Strenski, Ivan. 2003. “Sacrifice, Gift, and the Social Logic of Muslim ‘Human Bombers’. Terrorism and Political Violence  15 (3): 1–34.

Taheri, Amri. 1987. Holy Terror: Inside the World of Islamic Terrorism. Bethesda, Md. : Adler and Adler.

Talmon, Yohina. 1964. “Mate Selection in Collective Settlements. American Sociological Review  29:491–508.

Taylor, Shelley E., and Jonathon D.Brown. 1988. “Illusion and Well‐Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. Psychological Bulletin  103 (2): 193–210.

Tooby, John, and LedaCosmides. 1992. “The Psychological Foundations of Culture  .” In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, ed. Jerome H.Barkow, LedaCosmides, and JohnTooby, 19–136. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Tooby, John, and LedaCosmides. 1996. “Friendship and the Banker's Paradox: Other Pathways to the Evolution of Adaptations for Altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy  88:119–43.

Trivers, Robert L.1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology  46:35–57.

Trivers, Robert L.1985. Social Evolution. Menlo Park , Calif. : Benjamin/Cummins.

Trivers, Robert L.1998. “As They Would Do to You. Skeptic  6 (4): 81–83.

Trivers, Robert L.2000. “The Elements of a Scientific Theory of Self‐Deception. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences  907:114–31.

Tullberg, Jan. 2004. “On Indirect Reciprocity: The Distinction between Reciprocity and Altruism, and a Comment on Suicide Terrorism. American Journal of Economics and Sociology  63:1193–1212.

Turke, Paul W., and Laura L.Betzig. 1985. “Those Who Can, Do: Wealth, Status, and Reproductive Success on Ifaluk. Ethology and Sociobiology  6:79–87.

Victoroff, Jeff. 2005. “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches. Journal of Conflict Resolution  49 (1): 3–42.

Vlahos, Olivia. 1985. Doing Business: The Anthropology of Striving, Thriving, and Beating Out the Competition. New York : Franklin Watts.

Voland, Eckart. 1990. “Differential Reproductive Success within the Krummhorn Population. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology  25:65–72.

Wagner, Richard. 1995. “Fictive Kinship  . Marriage and Family Encyclopedia  . http://family.jrank.org/pages/630/Fictive‐Kinship.html.

Wilkinson, Gerald S.1984. “Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat. Nature  308:181–84.

Williams, B. J.1981. “A Critical Review of Models in Sociobiology. Annual Reviews in Anthropology  10:163–92.

Williams, George C.1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton , N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press.

Wilson, David Sloan, and ElliottSober. 2002. “Précis of Unto Others. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research  65 (3): 681–84.

Wilson, Edward O.1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap.

Wilson, Edward O.1987. “Kin Recognition: An Introductory Synopsis  .” In Kin Recognition in Animals, ed. David J. C.Fletcher and Charles D.Michener, 7–18. New York : John Wiley.

Wintrobe, Ronald. 2003. Can suicide bombers be rational?  Working paper, Council on Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences. http://cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/cpolit/papers/suicide.pdf.

Wolf, Arthur. 1995. Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association. Stanford , Calif. : Stanford Univ. Press.

Zartman, William I.2003. “Negotiating with Terrorists. International Negotiation  8 (3): 443–50.

Zebrowitz, Leslie A.1997. Reading Faces. Boulder , Colo. : Westview.