Adeyemi, E. O. A., K. D.Desai, M.Towsey, and D.Ghista. 1999. “Characterization of Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Means of Heart Rate Variability Studies.American Journal of Gastroenterology  94 (3): 816–23.

Arias, Albert J., KarenSteinberg, AlokBanga, and Robert L.Trestman. 2006. “Systemic Review of the Efficacy of Meditation Techniques as Treatments for Medical Illness.Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine  12 (8): 817–32.

Armour, J. A.2003. Neurocardiology: Anatomical and Functional Principles. Boulder Creek , Calif. : Institute of HeartMath, Publication 03‐011.

Astrup, Anne Sofie, LiseTarnow, PeterRossing, BirgitteHansen, JannikHilsted, and Hans‐HenrikParving. 2006. “Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Predicts Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Type 1 Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy.Diabetes Care  29:334–39.

Benson, Herbert, JefferyDusek, JaneSherwood, PeterLam, CharlesBethea, and WilliamCarpenter. 2006. “Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer.American Heart Journal  151:934–42.

Bernardi, Luciano, JohannaWdowczk‐Szulc, CinziaValenti, StefanoCastoldi, ClaudioPassino, GiammarioSpadacini, and Peter, Sleight. 2000. “Effects of Controlled Breathing, Mental Activity and Mental Stress With or Without Verbalization on Heart Rate Variability.Journal of the American College of Cardiology  35 (6): 1462–69.

Bernardi, Luciano, PeterSleight, GabrieleBandinelli, SimoneCencetti, LambertoFattorini, JohannaWdowczk‐Szulc, and Alfonso, Lagi. 2001. “Effect of Rosary Prayer and Yoga Mantras on Autonomic Cardiovascular Rhythms: Comparative Study.British Medical Journal  323:1446–49.

Betterman, H., M.Kroz, M.Girke, and C.Heckman. 2001. “Heart Rate Dynamics and Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Diabetic and Breast Cancer Patients.Clinical Physiology  21 (4): 411–20.

Bigger, J. Thomas, Joseph L.Fleiss, Richard C.Steinman, Linda M.Rolnitsky, Robert E.Kleiger, and Jeffrey N.Rottman. 1992. “Frequency Domain Measures of Heart Period Variability and Mortality after Myocardial Infarction.Circulation  85:164–71.

Bono, Giacomo, and Michael E.McCullough. 2006. “Positive Responses to Benefit and Harm: Bringing Forgiveness and Gratitude into Cognitive Psychotherapy.Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy  20 (2): 1–10.

Brock, Sebastian. 1987. The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life. Kalamazoo , Mich. : Cistercian Publications.

Brosschot, Jos F., EduardVan Dijk, and Julian F.Thayer. 2007. “Daily Worry Is Related to Low Heart Rate Variability During Waking and the Subsequent Nocturnal Sleep Period.International Journal of Psychophysiology  63:39–47.

Byrd, R. C.1988. “Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population.Southern Medical Journal  81:826–29.

Carnethon, Mercedes R., Ronald J.Prineas, MarinellaTemprosa, Zhu‐MingZhang, GabrielUwaifo, and Mark E.Molitch. 2006. “The Association among Autonomic Nervous System Function, Incident Diabetes, and Intervention Arm in the Diabetes Prevention Program.Diabetes Care  29:914–19.

Carney, Robert M., Kenneth E.Freedland, and Richard C.Veith. 2005a. “Depression, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Coronary Heart Disease.Psychosomatic Medicine  67 (suppl 1): S29–S33.

Carney, Robert M.2005b. “Low Heart Rate Variability and the Effect of Depression on Post‐Myocardial Infarction Mortality.Archives of Internal Medicine  165: 1486–91.

Cassian, John. 1997. The Conferences. Ed. BonifaceRamsey. New York : Newman.

Cassian, John. 2000. The Institutes. Ed. BonifaceRamsey. New York : Newman.

Clement, Olivier. 1993. The Roots of Christian Mysticism. Hyde Park , NY : New City Press.

Donahue, Michael J.1985. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiousness: Review and Meta‐Analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  48 (2): 400–419.

El‐Meskeen, Matta. 2003. Orthodox Prayer Life: The Interior Way. Crestwood , N.Y. : St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

Emmons, Robert A., and Michael E.McCullough. 2003. “Counting Blessings versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well‐Being in Daily Life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  84 (2): 377–89.

Funk, M. M.1999. Thoughts Matter: The Practice of the Spiritual Life. New York : Continuum.

Furlan, Raffaello, SandroArdizzone, LauraPalazzolo, AlexendraRimoldi, FrancescaPerego, FrancaBarbic, MaurizioBevilacqua, LucaVago, GabrieleBianchi Porro, and Alberto, Malliani. 2006. “Sympathetic Overactivity in Active Ulcerative Colitis: Effects of Clonidine.American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology  290:R224–R232.

Gehi, Anil, DennisMangano, SharonPipkin, WarrenBrowner, and Mary, Whooley. 2005. “Depression and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease.Archives of General Psychiatry  62:661–66.

Gorman, Jack M., and Richard P.Sloan. 2000. “Heart Rate Variability in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders.American Heart Journal  140:S77–S83.

Gruen, Anselm. 1999. Heaven Begins with You. New York : Crossroad.

Guzzetti, Stefano, Maria T.LaRovere, Gian D.Pinna, RobertoMaestri, EsterBorroni, AlbertoPorta, AndreaMortara, and Alberto, Malliani. 2005. “Different Spectral Components of 24‐Hour Heart Rate Variability Are Related to Different Modes of Death in Chronic Heart Failure.European Heart Journal  26:357–62.

Halperin, E. C.2001. “Should Academic Medical Centers Conduct Clinical Trials of the Efficacy of Intercessory Prayer?Academic Medicine  76 (8): 791–97.

Johnston, William, ed. 1996. The Cloud of Unknowing. New York : Image Books, Double‐day.

Katz‐Leurer, Michal, and Mara, Shochina. 2005. “Heart Rate Variability Parameters Correlate with Motor Impairment and Aerobic Capacity in Stroke Patients.Neuro Rehabilitation  20:91–95.

Keating, Thomas. 1998. Invitation to Love. New York : Continuum.

Keating, Thomas. 2001. The Divine Indwelling. New York : Lantern Books.

Kelsey, Morton. 1995. Healing and Christianity. Minneapolis : Augsburg.

Kendler, Kenneth S., Xiao‐QingLiu, Charles O.Gardner, Michael E.McCullough, DavidLarson, and Carol A.Prescott. 2003. “Dimensions of Religiosity and Their Relationship to Lifetime Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.American Journal of Psychiatry  160:496–503.

Koenig, Harold, Michael E.McCullough, and David B.Larson. 2001. Handbook of Religion and Medicine. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Krucoff, Mitchell W., SuzanneCrater, CindyGreen, ArthurMaas, JonSeskevich, JamesLane, KarenLoeffler, KennethMorris, et al.2001. “Integrative Noetic Therapies as Adjuncts to Percutaneous Intervention during Unstable Coronary Syndromes: Monitoring and Actualization of Noetic Training (MANTRA) Feasibility Pilot.American Heart Journal  142:760–67.

Krucoff, Mitchell W., SuzanneCrater, DianneGallup, JamesBlankenship, MichaelCuffe, MimiGuarneri, RichardKrieger, VibKshettry, et al.2005. “Music, Imagery, Touch, and Prayer as Adjuncts to Interventional Cardiac Care: The Monitoring and Actualisation of Noetic Trainings (MANTRA) II Randomised Study.Lancet  366:211–17.

Kulzer, Linda, and HarrietLuckman, eds. 1999. Purity of Heart in Early Ascetic and Monastic Literature. Collegeville , Minn. : Liturgical Press.

Lanza, G. A., D.Cianflone, A. G.Rebuzzi, G.Angeloni, A.Sestito, G.Ciriello, G.LaTorre, F.Crea, and A.Maseri. 2006. “Prognostic Value of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Unstable Angina.Heart  92:1055–63.

Lee, Myeong Soo, Mo KyungKim, and Yong‐Heum, Lee. 2005a. “Effects of Qi‐Therapy (External Qigong) on Cardiac Autonomic Tone: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Study.International Journal of Neuroscience  115:1345–50.

Lee, Myeong Soo. 2005b. “Nonlinear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability during Qi Therapy (External Qigong).American Journal of Chinese Medicine  33 (4): 579–88.

Lefkowitz, R. J., B. B.Hoffman, and P.Taylor. 1990. “Neurohormonal Transmission: The Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems.  ” In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed., Ed. A. G.Gilmanet al., 84–121. New York : Pergamon.

Lehrer, Paul, YujiSasaki, and Yoshihiro, Saito. 1999. “Zazen and Cardiac Variability.Psychosomatic Medicine  61:812–21.

Lucini, Daniela, GaetanaDi Fede, GianfrancoParati, and Massimo, Pagani. 2005. “Impact of Chronic Psychosocial Stress on Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation in Otherwise Healthy Subjects.Hypertension  46:1201–06.

Luskin, Frederic, MeganReitz, KathrynNewell, ThomasQuinn, and William, Haskell. 2002. “A Controlled Pilot Study of Stress Management Training of Elderly Patients with Congestive Heart Failure.Preventive Cardiology  5:168–72, 176.

Malik, M., T.Farrell, T.Cripps, and A. J.Camm. 1989. “Heart Rate Variability in Relation to Prognosis after Myocardial Infarction: Selection of Optimal Processing Techniques.European Heart Journal  10:1060–74.

Masters, Kevin S., Glen I.Spielmans, and Jason T.Goodson. 2006. “Are There Demonstrable Effects of Distant Intercessory Prayer? A Meta‐Analytic Review.Annals of Behavioral Medicine  32:21–26.

McCraty, R., MikeAtkinson, DanaTomasino, and Raymond, Bradley. 1995. “The Effects of Emotions on Short‐Term Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Variability.American Journal of Cardiology  76 (14): 1089–93.

McCraty, R.2001. Science of the Heart: Research Overview and Summaries. Boulder Creek , Calif. : Institute of HeartMath, Publication 01‐001.

McCraty, R.2003. “Impact of a Workplace Stress Reduction Program on Blood Pressure and Emotional Health in Hypertensive Employees.Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine  9 (3): 355–69.

McCraty, R.2006. The Coherent Heart: Heart‐Brain Interactions, Psychophysiological Coherence, and the Emergence of System‐Wide Order. Boulder Creek , Calif. : Institute of HeartMath, Publication 06‐022.

McCullough, Michael E., Jo‐AnnTsang, and Robert A.Emmons. 2002. “The Grateful Disposition: A Conceptual and Empirical Topography.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  82:112–27.

McCullough, Michael E.2004. “Gratitude in Intermediate Affective Terrain: Links of Grateful Moods to Individual Differences and Daily Emotional Experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  86 (2): 295–309.

McLaren, Andrew, SimonKerr, LouiseAllan, NicholasSteen, CliveBallard, JohnAllen, AlanMurray, and RoseAnne Kenny. 2005. “Autonomic Function Is Impaired in Elderly Stroke Survivors.Stroke  36:1026–30.

Moritz, Sabine, HudeQuan, BadriRickhi, MingfuLiu, MaureenAngen, RenataVintila, RussellSawa, JeanetteSoriano, and John, Toews. 2006. “A Home Study—Based Spirituality Education Program Decreases Emotional Distress and Increases Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Alternative Therapies  12 (6): 26–35.

Murata, T., T.Takahashi, T.Hamada, M.Omori, H.Kosaka, Ho.Yoshida, and Y.Wada. 2004. “Individual Trait Anxiety Levels Characterizing the Properties of Zen Meditation.Neuropsychobiology  50:189–94.

Nevruz, Oral, N.Yokusoglu, M.Uzun, S.Demirkol, F.Avcu, O.Baysan, C.Kozet al.2007. “Cardiac Autonomic Functions Are Altered in Patients with Acute Leukemia, Assessed by Heart Rate Variability.Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine  211:121–26.

O'Hara, Dennis P.2002. “Is There a Role for Prayer and Spirituality in Health Care?Complementary and Alternative Medicine  86:33–46.

Oschman, J. L.2000. Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis. New York : Churchill Livingstone.

Palatini, Paolo, DanieleLongo, VaniaZaetta, DavorPerkovic, RaffaellaGarbelotto, and Achille, Pessina. 2006. “Evolution of Blood Pressure and Cholesterol in Stage 1 Hypertension: Role of Autonomic Nervous System Activity.Journal of Hypertension  24 (7): 1375–81.

Peng, C. K., Joseph E.Mietus, YanhuiLiu, GuruucharanKhalsa, Pamela S.Douglas, HerbertBenson, and Ary L.Goldberger. 1999. “Exaggerated Heart Rate Oscillations during Two Meditation Techniques.International Journal of Cardiology  70:101–7.

Poloma, M. M., and B. F.Pendleton. 1991. “The Effects of Prayer and Prayer Experiences on Measures of General Well‐Being.Journal of Psychology and Theology  19:71–83.

Reed, M. J., C. E.Robertson, and P. S.Addison. 2005. “Heart Rate Variability Measurements and the Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmias.QJM: An International Journal of Medicine  98:87–95.

Roberts, L., I.Ahmed, and S.Hall. 2007. “Intercessory Prayer for the Alleviation of Ill Health.Cochrane Database System Review  24:CD000368.

Ronkainen, E., H.Ansakorpi, H. V.Huikuri, V. V.Myllyla, J. I. T.Isojarvi, and J. T.Korpelainen. 2005. “Suppressed Circadian Heart Rate Dynamics in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry  76:1382–86.

Sloan, Richard P., and Rajasekhar, Ramakrishnan. 2006. “Science, Medicine, and Intercessory Prayer.Perspectives in Biology and Medicine  49 (4): 504–14.

Stewart, Columba. 1998. Cassian the Monk. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.

Takahashi, Tetsuya, TetsuhitoMurata, ToshihikoHamada, MasaoOmori, HirotakaKosaka, MitsuruKikuchi, HaruyoshiYoshida, and Yuji, Wada. 2005. “Changes in EEG and Autonomic Nervous Activity during Meditation and Their Association with Personality Traits.International Journal of Psychophysiology  55:199–207.

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. 1996. “Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use.Circulation  93:1043–65.

Tiller, W. A.1996. “Cardiac Coherence: A New, Noninvasive Measure of Autonomic Nervous System Order.Alternative Therapies  1 (2): 52–65.

Tsuji, H., F. J.Venditti, E. S.Manders, et al.1994. “Reduced Heart Rate Variability and Mortality Risk in an Elderly Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study.Circulation  90: 878–83.

Vempati, R. P., and Shirley, Telles. 2002. “Yoga‐Based Guided Relaxation Reduces Sympathetic Activity Judged from Baseline Levels.Psychological Reports  90:487–94.

Vinik, Aaron I., and Dan, Ziegler. 2007. “Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy.Circulation  115:387–97.

Ware, Kallistos. 1995. The Orthodox Way. Crestwood , N.Y. : St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

Yeragani, V. K., E.Sobelewski, G.Igel, C.Johnson, V. C.Jampala, J.Kay, N.Hillman, S.Yeragani, and S.Vempati. 1998. “Decreased Heart Period Variability in Patients with Panic Disorder: A Study of Holter ECG Records.Psychiatry Research  78:89–99.