Notes

  1. . Since the status and significance of Marx's early writings are occasioning considerable debate among contemporary scholars of Marxism, it seems advisable to begin an analysis of Marx with the Manifesto, which remains undisputed as an authentic representation of Marx's mature thought. For an introduction to some of the current debate, note L. Labedz, ed., Revisionism (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1962), chaps. 13, 14, 24.
  2. . Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Lewis S. Feuer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1959), p. 20. Hereafter, this work will be cited as Manifesto, and this anthology, as Basic Writings.
  3. . The term “critical idealism” as used in this paper should not be confused with Immanuel Kant's designation of his theory of knowledge as “critical idealism.
  4. . See Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. N. I. Stone (New York: International Library, 1904), pp. 12, 14, 15. Hereafter, the preface to this work will be referred to as Preface to Critique. Karl Marx, “On Proudhon,” Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), 1:392–96. Karl Marx, Capital, trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling, ed.7 F. Engels (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961). 1:7–11, 19–20.
  5. . Marx, Capital, 1:8.
  6. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, p. 7.
  7. . See ibid., pp. 7, 8, 19, 21.
  8. . Ibid., p. 7.
  9. . Ibid., pp. 10. 12.
  10. . Ibid., pp. 12, 13, 29.
  11. . Ibid., pp. 10, 11, 24, 28. In the Manifesto Marx also uses such terms as “the modes of production and exchange” (p. 9), the “conditions of appropriation” (p. 18), the “mode of appropriation” (p. 18), and the “mode of producing and appropriating” (p. 23–24).
  12. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, p. 27; Marx, Capital, 1:217.
  13. . Marx and Engels, Manifesto, p. 7.
  14. . Ibid., p. 21.
  15. . See ibid., p. 7.
  16. . See ibid., p. 29.
  17. . See ibid., p. 10; Marx, Preface to Critique, pp. 11–12.
  18. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 21–23.
  19. . See ibid., pp. 9, 29.
  20. . See ibid., pp. 18, 24, 26.
  21. . Note Karl Marx, “Review of G. Fr. Daumer's The Religion of the New Age,” On ReZigion (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), pp. 90–96.
  22. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 8–9, 10, 12–13; Marx, Selected Works, 1:231, 360; Marx, Preface to Critique, pp. 12–13.
  23. . Marx and Engels, Manifesto, p. 8.
  24. . Note esp. the following passages: Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pt. 1; Marx, Capital, 1:61245, 713–16, 761–64.
  25. . Marx and Engels, Manifesto, p. 20.
  26. . See ibid., pp. 7, 8, 9, 19, 29.
  27. . See ibid., pp. 14, 19, 41; Marx, Selected Works, 1:80, 92, 98, 105, 162, 163, 338, 359, 360, 389, 522, 535, 537, 538; Marx, Capital, 1:396, 490, 506, 618, 645, 763.
  28. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 9–10, 15, 21, 2425. 26, 27; Marx, Selected works, 1:103, 141. 142, 161, 217; Marx, Capital, 1:243. 331, 397, 399, 418, 422, 462, 471, 484, 490, 506, 510, 645, 715.
  29. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 9, 24; Marx, Capital, 1:153, 592, 593.
  30. . See Marx, On Religion, p. 129.
  31. . See Marx, Selected Works, 1551.
  32. . See ibid., 1:338, 382; Marx, Capital, 1:233, 243, 256, 264–65. 302. For a classic example of Marx's vilification of the bourgeoisie, note esp. Selected Works, 1:529, 535–36.
  33. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 22, 29; Marx, Capital, 1:592.
  34. . See Marx and Engels, Manifesto, pp. 14, 22; Marx, Selected Works, 1:82. 102, 350–51, 439; Marx, Capital, 1:71 ff., 177–79, 184, 264, 310, 326, 329, 645.
  35. . See Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959). pp. 29–30; Franz Mehring, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life, trans. E. Fitzgerald (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962). p, 8; C. J. S. Sprigge, Karl Marx (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 18.
  36. . See Karl Marx, “Betrachtung eines Jünglings bei der Wahl eines Berufes,” in Murx/Engezs Gesamtausgabe, ed. D. Rjazanov (Berlin: Marx‐Engels‐Verlag. 1929), pt. 1, Rand 1, zweiter Halbband, pp. 164–67. Hereafter this anthology will be cited as MEGA.
  37. . Note esp. Marx's religious essay in MEGA, pt. 1, Band 1, zweiter Halbband, pp. 171–74.
  38. . In the discussion which follows strong dependence upon the analysis of Robert C. Tucker relative to the philosophical roots of Marx in Hegel and Feuerbach is gratefully acknowledged. See Rofqrt C. Tucker, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), esp. pts. 1, 2.
  39. . For Marx's works which reflect this conversion to “critical idealism,” note esp. “Karl Marx an den Vater; Berlin (1837) November 10,” in MEGA, pt. 1, Band 1, zweiter Halbband, pp. 213–21; “Aus der Doktordissertation,” in Die Frühschriften, ed. S. Landshut (Stuttgart: Alfred Droner, 1953), pp. 12–19; On Religion, pp. 1340.
  40. . For Marx's criticism of Feuerbach. note “Theses on Feuerbach,” in Marx and Engels, Basic Writings, pp. 24345. For Marx's works reflecting his thought at this stage, note “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction,” On Religion, pp. 41–58; A World without Jews, trans. Dagobert D. Runes, 4th ed. (New York: Philosophical Library, 1960).
  41. . See Karl Marx, “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,” trans. T. B. Bottomore, in Erich Fromm. Marx's Concept of Man (New York Frederick Un‐gar Publishing Co. 1961), pp. 176–77. Hereafter this work will be cited as Manuscripts. See also Tucker, p. 120.
  42. . Marx, Manuscripts, pp. 90–91.
  43. . Ibid., pp. 93–94.
  44. . Ibid., p. 95.
  45. . Ibid., pp. 181–83.
  46. . Ibid., pp. 100–103, 183.
  47. . Ibid., pp. 95 ff.
  48. . Ibid., pp. 126–35.
  49. . Ibid., pp. 132–40.
  50. . Ibid., pp. 95–99, 104.
  51. . Ibid., pp. 98–99, 111.
  52. . Ibid., pp. 127–38.
  53. . Ibid., p. 127.
  54. . For Marx's works which reflect this stage, note The Holy Family; or Critique of Critical Critique, trans. R. Dixon (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956); The German Ideology, ed. R. Pascal (New York: International Publishers, 1947); The Poverty of Philosophy (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.).
  55. . Marx, Manusm'pts, p. 155.
  56. . Gabriel A. Almond (The Appeals of Communism [Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954]) analyzes 221 former Communists and the case histories of thirty‐five Communists who required psychoanalytic treatment. His study reveals inter alia the important part that the need for psychological security and the desire to express ethical imperatives play in susceptibility to communism. See Moms L. Ernst and David Loth, Report on the American Communist (New York: Henry Holt & CO., 1952). Ernst and Loth examine several hundred case histories of former Communists and stress psychological factors in conversions to communism, but they also note the importance of the ethical factor. Accordingly, the appeal of communism to some persons may be related to the doctrinal certainty and ethical imperative enshrined in Marxist theory.
  57. . Harvey Cox, The Secular City (New York: Macmillan Co., 1965), p. 2.
  58. . Contemporary communism professes to be the champion of humanization. See “The New Communist Manifesto,” in The New Communist Manifesto and Related Documents, ed. Dan N. Jacobs, 2d ed. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1962), p. 42; Communist Party of the Soviet Union, The Road to Communism: Documents of the Twenty‐second Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961), P. 509; Liu Shao‐chi, How to Be a Good Communist, 2d ed. rev. (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1952), pp. 37–38. Nevertheless, these same Communists indicate that their revolutionary activity is guided not by a normative view of man but by the laws of “scientific historico‐economic analysis.” See “The New Communist Manifesto,” p. 19; O. V. Kuusinen, ed., Fundamentals of Marxism‐Leninism, 2d ed. rev. (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1963), pp. 16–17; Liu Shao‐chi, pp. 5, 38–40.