Notes

  1. . J. Bronowski, Science and Human Values (New York: Harper — Bros., 1956).
  2. . Niels Henrik David Bohr, Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (New York: John Wiley Fc Sons, 1958); Essays, 1958–1962, on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963).
  3. . ErnstMayr. Scientific Explanation and Conceptual Framework (commentary on Garland E. Allen's “Hugo de Vries and the Reception of the ‘Mutation Theory’”),” Journal of the History of Biology  2 (1969): 124.
  4. . John von Neumann, The Computer and the Brain (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958).
  5. . Cf. Erwin, N.Hiebert. The Uses and Abuses of Thermodynamics in Religion,” Daedalus  95 (1966):1046–80.
  6. . LarsOnsager, “Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes–Part I,” Physical Review  37 (1931): 405–26;“Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes–Part II,” ibid., 38 (1931): 2265–79.
  7. . S. R. de Groot and P. Mazur, Non‐Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Amsterdam: North‐Holland Publishing Co., 1962).
  8. . O.Kedem and A.Katchalsky, “A Physical Interpretation of the Phenomenological Coefficients of Membrane Permeability,” Journal of General Physiology  45 (1961): 143–79; also A.Katchalsky and O.Kedem, “Thermodynamics of Flow Processes in Biological Systems,” Biophysical Journal  2, no. 2, pt. 2 (1962): 53–78.
  9. . Recently my co‐workers G. Oster and A. Perelson and I have developed a network thermodynamic theory which holds for nonlinear, nonhomogeneous flow systems (“Network Thermodynamics,” Nature, in press).
  10. . Herbert Spencer, First Principles of a New System of Philosophy, 2d ed. (New York: I). Appleton — Co., 1879).
  11. . J.R. A.Pearson. On Convection Cells Induced by Surface Tension,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics  4 (1958): 489–500.
  12. . Henri Bénard, “Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide,” Revue générale des sciences pures et appliqutes 11 (1900): 1309–28; “Les tourbillons cellulaires dans une nappe liquide transportant de la chaleur par convection en regime permanent,” Annales de chimie et de physique, ser. 7, 23 (1901): 62–144.
  13. . I. Prigogine, “Structure, Dissipation and Life,” in Theoretical Physics and Biology: Proceedings, ed. M. Marois (Amsterdam: North‐Holland Publishing Co., 1969), pp. 23–52.
  14. . Alfred James Lotka, Elements of Mathematical Biology (New York: Dover Publications, 1956); Vito Volterra, Legons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie (Paris: Gauthier‐Villars. 1931).
  15. . B.Chance, R. W.Estabrook, and A.Ghosh, “Damped Sinusoidal Oscillations of Cytoplasmic Reduced Pyridine Nucleotide in Yeast Cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  51 (1964): 1244–51;BrittonChance, BrigitteSchoener, and SigridElsaesser, “Control of the Waveform of Oscillations of the Reduced Pyridine Nucleotide Level in a Cell‐free Extract,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  52 (1964): 337–41;BrittonChance, A.Ghosh, J. J.Higgins and P. K.Maitra, “Cyclic and Oscillatory Responses of Metabolic Pathways Involving Chemical Feedback and Their Computer Representations,” Annals of the New Yolk Academy of Sciences  115 (1964): 1010–24;JosephHiggins, “A Chemical Mechanism for Oscillation of Glycolytic Intermediates in Yeast Cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  51 (1964): 989–94; Joseph Higgins, “Dynamics and Control in Cellular Reactions,” in Control of Energy Metabolism, ed. Britton Chance et al. (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 13–46.
  16. . Benno Hess, Karl Brand, and Kendall Pye, “Continuous Oscillations in a Cell‐free Extract of S. Carlsbergenszs,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 23 (1966): 102–10; R. Hess and K. Brand, Abstracts, Third Federation of European Biochemical Societies Meeting, Warsaw, 1966, F108.
  17. . E. E.Sel'kov. Self‐Oscillations in Glycolysis,” European Journal of Biochemistry  4 (1968):79–86.
  18. . A. M. Zhabotinsky, Oscillatory Processes in Biological and Chemical Systems, Symposium in Puschtchinona‐Oke, March 21–26, 1966 (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), pp. 149, 181, 199, 252.
  19. . I. Prigogine, private communication.
  20. . A. M. Turing, “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B237 (1952): 37–72.
  21. . Cf. n. 13.
  22. . See n. 20 above.
  23. . R.Lefever, G.Nicolis, and I.Prigogine. On the Occurrence of Oscillations around the Steady State in Systems of Chemical Reactions Far from Equilibrium,” Journal of Chemical Physics  47 (1967):1045–47.
  24. . KlausBrinkmann. An Phasengrenzen induzierte ein‐ und zweidimensionale Kristallmuster in Kulturen von Euglena gracilis,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie  59 (1968):364–76.
  25. . John R.Platt. ‘Bioconvection Patterns’ in Cultures of Free‐swimming Organisms,” Science  133 (1961):1766–67.
  26. . John B.Loefer, and Roy B.Mefferd, Jr., “Concerning Pattern Formation by Free‐swimming Microorganisms,” American Naturalist  86 (1952): 325–29.
  27. . K. B. Hartman, private communication.
  28. . Evelyn F. Keller and Lee A. Segel, “Initiation of Slime Mold Aggregation Viewed as an Instability,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 26 (1970): 399–415; John T. Bonner, The Cellular Slime Molds, 2d ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967).
  29. . RobertBlumenthal, Jean‐PierreChangeux, and RenkLefever. Membrane Excitability and Dissipative Instabilities,” Journal of Membrane Biology  2 (1970): 351–74.
  30. . A. Katchalsky and G. Ailam, “Polycondensation of Amino Acid Phosphoan‐hydrides–Theoretical,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 140 (1967): 1–13; M. Paecht‐Horowitz and A. Katchalsky, “Polycondensation of Amino Acid Phosphoanhyrides‐ olymerization of Proline Adenylate at Constant Phosphoanhyride Concentration,” Biochimica et Riophysica Acta 140 (1967): 14–23; R. Levinsohn, hl. Paecht‐Horowitz, and A. Katchalsky, “Polycondensation of Amino Acid Phosphoanhyrides–Polycondensation of Alanyl Adenylate,” Riochimica et Riophysica Acta 140 (1967): 24–36.
  31. . M.Paecht‐Horowitz, J.Berger, and A.Katchalsky. Prebiotic Synthesis of Poly‐peptides by Heterogeneous Polycondensation of Amino‐Acid Adenylates,” Nature  228 (1970): 636–39.
  32. . John Desmond Bernal, The Physicul Basis of Life (London: Routledge — Kegan Paul, 1951).
  33. . A. Thorhaug, “Thermal Effects on Membrane Phenomena” (Ph.D. diss., University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., 1969).
  34. . J.Bronowski, “New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans,” Zygon  5 (1970):34.
  35. . Jean Piaget, The Language and Thought of the Child, 3d ed., trans. Marjorie Gabain (London: Routledge — Kegan Paul, 1959); also, Barbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget, The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, trans. Anne Parsons and Stanley Milgram (New York: Basic Books, 1958).
  36. . “Know thyself.”
  37. . Jerome S. Bruner et al., A Study of Thinking (New York: John Wiley — Sons, 1956); Studies in Cognitive Growth (New York: John Wiley — Sons, 1966).