Notes

  1. . Hudson Hoagland and Ralph Burhoe, eds., Evolution and Man's Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961); see especially pp. 67–69, in the chapter by Julian H. Steward and Dimitri Shimkin.
  2. . Theodosius Dobzhansky, Mankind Evolving (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962).
  3. . B. F.Skinner, “The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior,”Science  153 (1966): 1205–13.
  4. . George Gaylord Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution, rev. and abr. ed. (New York: Mentor Books, 1949; New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1951), p. 95; or C. H. Waddington, Towards a Theoretical Biology (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968), 1:19.
  5. . See Waddington, pp. 288 ff, and elsewhere; also, Ralph WendellBurhoe, “Commentary on J. Bronowski's ‘New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity,”Zygon  5 (1970): 36–40.
  6. . ClydeKluckhohn, “The Scientific Study of Values and Contemporary Civilization,”Zygon  (1966):230–43; see especially p. 236. It is common knowledge, or at least widely reported, that the sciences are low on the educational totem pole.
  7. . C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
  8. . An interesting commentary on Darwin's natural selection is to be found in Garrett Hardin's Nature and Man's Fate (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1959), pp. 59–60.
  9. . Stow Persons. Free Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1947), p. 64.
  10. . See, for example, Oscar Riddle's evaluation of this in his “The Emergence of Good and Evil,”Zygon  2 (1967): 34–42.
  11. . Ralph WendellBurhoe, “What Specifies the Value of the Man‐made Man?Zygon  6 (1971): 224–46.
  12. . Charles Darwin, The Own of Species (1859), early in chap. 4 on natural selection; it is on p. 97 of the Harvard Classics edition.
  13. . The computer‐language description of living systems as cybernetic systems processing information has grown out of many studies in the past two or three decades about these systems; see, for instance, the various books and papers in this field by A. M. Turing, Norbert Wiener, W. Ross Ashby, Warren McCulloch, John von Neumann, J. Z. Young, Kenneth Boulding, Karl W. Deutsch, Garrett Hardin, and a multitude of others.
  14. . HarlowShapley, “Life, Hope, and Cosmic Evolution,”Zygon  1 (1966): 281.
  15. . Further details on this notion will be found in J.Bronowski'sNew Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans,” Zygon  5 (1970): 18–35, and Burhoe's comment thereon (n. 5 above), especially pp. 39–40.
  16. . See Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969), especially p. 25: “A man, viewed as a behaving system, is quite simple. The apparent complexity of his behavior over time is largely a reflection of the complexity of the environment in which he finds himself.” This book has many rich insights for anyone who wishes to understand the operation of selection in “learning”of all kinds, from genotypes, to brains, to computers.
  17. . E.g., Donald T.Campbell, Variation and Selective Retention in Socio‐cultural Evolution, System 14 1969:69–85. See also G. C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), on which Campbell's argument is based.
  18. . Cf. C. H. Waddington, The Ethical Animal (New York: Atheneum Press, 1961), for a good review; B. F. Skinner's Science and Human Behavior (New York: Macmillan Go., 1953) is a basic text.
  19. . There is a vast literature on the understanding of living systems in terms of physical parameters by authors ranging from A to Z. As a beginning for persons not acquainted with this, I would highly recommend various books by Isaac Asimov and Dean E. Wooldridge.
  20. . Bronowski (n. 15 above), pp. 18–35.
  21. . Darwin (n. 12 above).
  22. . Psalms, chap. 139.