Notes

  1. . My analysis in the above paragraphs is informed by many sources, but is basically my own. The nearest single source which comes close to my twofold emphasis on both normless freedom and arbitrary control as characteristic of modern societies is Thomas Luckman's Invisible Religion (New York: Macmillan Co., 1967), p. 10.
  2. . For an enlightened discussion of Freud's essential conservative approach to therapy and politics, see Philip Rieffs stimulating The Triumph of the Therapeutic (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
  3. . For intelligent discussion of Reich's thought, see ibid., chap. 6, pp. 141‐88, and Paul Robinson, The Freudian Left (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), pp. 9–74.
  4. . A. N. Whitehead, The Function of Reason (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), pp, 20–34.
  5. . Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 1:73.
  6. . Ibid., p. 72.
  7. . NormanBrown. Apocalypse: The Place of Mystery in the Life of the Mind,” Harper's Magazine  (May1961), 47.
  8. . Charles Reich, The Greening of America (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 236.
  9. . Norman Brown, Life against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 43.
  10. . Ibid, p. 113.
  11. . The most available source of this essay is General Psychological Theoq, ed. Philip Rieff (New York: Collier Books, 1953), pp. 21–28.
  12. . Brown, Life against Death, p. 163.
  13. . Ibid., p. 169.
  14. . Brown's aphoristic style. appeared in his Love's Body (New York: Random House, 1966). It has continued in the few articles he has written since that time. See “Daphne, or Metamorphosis,” in Myths, Dreams, and Religion, ed. Josoph Campbell (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1970), pp. 100–20, and especially his “From Politics to Metapolitics,” Caterpillar 1 (October 1967): 69.
  15. . Theodore Rosak, The Making of a Counter‐Culture (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1969), p.88.
  16. . See Herbert Marcuse's Eros and Civilization (New York: Vintage Books, 1962).
  17. . Roszak, pp. 5–7.
  18. . Ibid., pp. 218–28.
  19. . Ibid., p. 64.
  20. . Ibid., p. 52.
  21. . Ibid., p. 50.
  22. . Ibid., p. 55.
  23. . Reich, pp. 233–85.
  24. . Ibid., p. 241.
  25. . Ibid., p. 278.
  26. . Ibid.
  27. . Ibid., p. 236.
  28. . Ibid., p. 278.
  29. . Illuminating discussions of Freud's understanding of reason can be found in the works of Philip Rieff. In one place Rieff writes, “To Freud, reason is without content, a technicai instrument. Psychoanalytic therapy proposes no substantive program to the ego…. Indeed,… reason is a mediating aptitude and not an inclusive end” (Freud: The Mind of a Moralist [New York: Doubleday & Go., 19611, p. 105). See also his “Freudian Ethics and the Idea of Reason,” Ethics 67 (1957): 172–74.
  30. . For a summary of Freud's later theory of the ego, see his The Ego and the Id (London: Hogarth Press, 1957).
  31. . Heinz Hartmann, Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (New York: International Universities Press, 1958).
  32. . Heinz Hartmann, “Notes on the Reality Principle,” in Essays on Ego Psychology (New York: International Universities Press, 1964), pp. 245–46.
  33. . A point of clarification about Hartmann's theory of the ego is in order. Hartmann did introduce the idea that the human ego does have “structural” independence from the id. But he failed to take this as far as he should have. He still believed that the energy of the ego did come from the id. Hartmann invoked Freud's idea of “neutralized” or “desexualized” energies to explain this. The inadequacy of this cumbersome set of concepts has been brilliantly explored by Robert White in his Ego and Reality in Psychoanalytic Theory (New York: International Universities Press, 1963). Regardless of this shortcoming, Hartmann still made an enormous contribution toward a revised psychoanalytic theory of the ego.
  34. . Hartmann, Ego Psychology (n. 31 above), p. 36; see also his “The Concept of Health,” in Essays (n. 32 above), p. 9.
  35. . Hartmann, Ego Psychology, p, 36.
  36. . Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (New York: International Universities Press, 1952).
  37. . Hartmann, Ego Psychology, p. 36.
  38. . Whitehead (n. 4 above), p. 4.
  39. . Ibid., p. 8.
  40. . Ibid., p. 33.
  41. . Ibid., p. 38.
  42. . Ibid., p. 39.
  43. . White (n. 33 above), pp. 175–80.
  44. . Whitehead, pp. 66–67.
  45. . SidneyMead. History and Identity,” Journal of Religion  51, no. 1 (1971): 13.