Notes

  1. . C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1964).
  2. . GeraldHolton, MichaelPolanyi, ErnestNagel, John R.Platt, and BarryCommoner. Do Life Processes Transcend Physics and Chemistry?(symposium) Zygun  3 (1968): 445–46.
  3. . Ibid., p. 444.
  4. . Ibid., 446.
  5. . Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1932).
  6. . Ralph Wendell Burhoe and Hudson Hoagland, eds., Evolution and Man'.r Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).
  7. . Richard von Mises, Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951).
  8. . See Harlow Shapley, Of Star and Men (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958); J.Bronowski, “New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans,” Zygon  5 (1970): 18–35; and Ralph WendellBurhoe, “Five Steps in the Evolution of Man's Knowledge of Good and Evil,” Zygon  2 (1967): 77–96.
  9. . Polanyi (n. 2 above), pp. 446–47.
  10. . Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969).
  11. . Ibid., p. 52.
  12. . I was first introduced into the fascinating similarities of cybernetic and computer mechanisms to the operations of the central nervous system by contact with a group centered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1940s. Among them were Norbert Wiener and Warren McCulloch. There is now a large literature. Simon's book (n. 10 above) is one. An early dassic is W. Ross Ashby's Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptiue Behavior (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1952; 2d ed., 1960). Another is J. Z. Young's A Model of the Brain (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), especially the chapters on “The Brain as the Computer of a Homeostat” and on “Models in the Brain.” Another is W. Grey Walter's The Living Brain (New York: W. W. Norton & Go., 1963):
  13. . Cf., for instance, pp. 27–31 in Simon (n. 10 above).
  14. . See Young (n. 12 above), “Some Requirements of an Exploratory Computer,” chap. 12.
  15. . This was eloquently expressed by Darwin in his The Origin of Species (1859). See also Ralph Wendell Burhoe, “Natural Selection and God” (2)on 7 [1972]: 30–63), where the Darwin Statement is quoted on p. 62.
  16. . GeraldWeinberg'. Natural Selection as Applied to Computers and ProgramsGeneral Systems  15 [1970]: 145–50) contains an interesting story concerning the problems natural selection brings to computer programmers.
  17. . See. 12 above.
  18. . 2001: A Space Odyrey, a film (released by MGM in 1968) produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick, with screenplay by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke based on a short story by Arthur C. Clarke. In the same year 2002: A Space Odyssey (New York: New American Library, Signet Book, 1968), by Arthur C. Clarke, appeared; this was a novel based on the screenplay, accompanied by interpretative notes.
  19. . H. Alfven [Olof Johannesson], The Tale of the Big Computer: A Vision (New Yolk: Coward‐McCann, Inc., 1968). Subsequent quotations by permission of Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., Publishers. © 1968 by Victor Gollancz, Ltd.
  20. . Ibid., pp. 7–9.
  21. . Ibid., pp. 11–12.
  22. . Ibid., pp. 13–14.
  23. . Ibid., pp. 14–15.
  24. . Ibid., pp. 19–20.
  25. . Ibid., p. 24.
  26. . Ibid., pp. 114–15, 118–20.
  27. . See Simon (n. 10 above).
  28. . Merely the name of a laboratory in one of our great universities is enough commentary here: “M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.”
  29. . Alfred E.Emerson. Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,Zygon  3 (1968): 129–68. See also n. 12 above.
  30. . E.g., Anthony F. C. Wallace, Religion: An Anthropological View (New York: Random House, 1966); Ward H. Goodenough, “Human Purpose in Life,” Zygon 1 (1966): 217–29.
  31. . Donald T.Campbell. Variation and Selective Retention in Socio‐Cultural Evolution. General Systems  14 (1969): 69–85.
  32. . Alfred SherwoodRomer. Major Steps in Vertebrate Evolution,” Science  158 (1967): 1627–37.