Notes

  1. . By contemporary theories of evolution, we mean the increasingly broad and systemic theories that encompass physical, biological, and cultural evolution. An important view of evolutionary theory that covers human and computer learning as well as genetic and cultural accumulations of information patterns is found in Herbert A. Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969), esp. chap. 4, “The Architecture of Complexity.” But we also include the neo‐Darwinian views of biological and the new physical‐chemical views of prebiological evolution.
  2. . Swami Budhananda, Can One Be Scientific and Yet Spiritual? (Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1973).
  3. . Ralph Wendell Burhoe, ed., Science and Human Values in the Twenty‐first Century (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971); Burhoe, “The Control of Behavior: Human and Environmenta1.” Journal of Environmental Health 35 (1972): 247–58; M. V. Mathew, review of K. Chaitanya's The Physics and Chemistry of Freedom (India, 1972), Times of India, December 3, 1972, p. 6; E. Haskell, ed., Full Circle: The Moral Force of Unified Science (New York: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1972).
  4. . R. R. Grinker, ed., Toward a Unified Theory of Human Behavior (New York: Basic Books, 1956).
  5. . Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971).
  6. . H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, and R. W. Mack, eds., Social Change in Developing Areas (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1965); Alfred E. Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution.” Zygon 3 (1968): 129–68.
  7. . Emerson, p. 144.
  8. . Donald T.Campbell, “Variation and Selective Retention in Socio‐cultural Evolution. General Systems  14(1969):69–85; Monod (n. 5 above), pp. 160–80.
  9. . SewallWright, “Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Cross‐Breeding and Selection in Evolution.Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics  1(1932):356–66.
  10. . Simon (n. 1 above), p. 98.
  11. . Alfred E.Emerson, “Some Biological Antecedents of Human Purpose.Zygon  8(1973):294–309.
  12. . R. A.Rappaport, “The Sacred in Human Evolution.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics  2(1971):23–44.
  13. . Anne Roe and G. G. Simpson, eds., Behavior and Evolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958), esp. p. 457.
  14. . Ibid., p. 330.
  15. . For an introduction to understanding the brain's integrative function, see J. Z. Young, A Model of the Brain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), esp. chap. 2, “The Brain as the Computer of a Homeostat”; see also Simon (n. 1 above). Scientific grounds for the ancient art of contemplation or meditation have been suggested by recent brain science, e.g., the role of the prefrontal cortex in imaginative projections and the role of the limbic system in producing “eureka‐type feelings” (see Paul D. MacLean's “The Brain's Generation Gap: Some Human Implications.” Zygon 8 (1973): 113–27, esp. pp. 123–24). The uses of contemplation and imagination as essential elements of the scientific method have been given new focus by Michael Polanyi (see his Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post‐critical Philosophy [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 19581, and The Tacit Dimension [Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1966]).
  16. . J. Z. Young, Doubt and Certainty in Science (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951).
  17. . A. R. Luria, “Neurophysiological Studies in the USSR: A Review [pts. 1 and 21.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 70 (1973): 959–64, 1278–83.
  18. . A. G. Karczmar and J. C. Eccles, eds., Brain and Human Behavior (New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1972).
  19. . MacLean (n. 15 above).
  20. . R. W.Sperry, “Science and the Problem of Values.Zygon  9(1974):7–21.
  21. . Young, A Model of the Brain (n. 15 above).
  22. . Sperry (n. 20 above); Ralph WendellBurhoe, “The Concepts of God and Soul in a Scientific View of Human Purpose. Zygon  8(1973):412–42.
  23. . Theodosius Dobzhansky, The Biology of Ultimate Concern (New York: New American Library, 1967).
  24. . As quoted in C. L. Sulzberger, “A Whole Earth Museum.” New York Times, October 11, 1972, p. 39.
  25. . Jonas Salk, The Survival of the Wisest (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
  26. . A. Rappaport (n. 12 above).
  27. . Dobzhansky (n. 23 above).
  28. . Emerson, “Some Biological Antecedents” (n. 11 above).
  29. . G. G. Simpson, Tempo and Mode in Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944); W. C. Allee et al., Principles of Animal Ecology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1949).
  30. . K. Menon, Atma‐Darshan: At the Ultimate (Bombay: Sri Vidya Samiti, Wagle Studio & Press, 1946).
  31. . Garrett Hardin, Nature and Man's Fate (New York: Rinehart, 1959).
  32. . Anthony F. C. Wallace says that “the essential theme of the religious event is the dialectic of disorganization and organization” and that religion characteristically “offers a solution that assures the believer that life and organization will win, that death and disorganization will lose” (Religion: An Anthropological View [New York: Random House, 1966], p. 38).
  33. . Mathew (n. 3 above).
  34. . R. Pearl, The Biology of Death (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1922).
  35. . D. B.Mertz, T.Park, and W. J.Youden, “Mortality Patterns in Eight Strains of Flour Beetles. Biometrics  21 (1965): 99–114.
  36. . Allee et al. (n. 29 above).
  37. . Advisory Committee on the Problems of Aging (Ralph W. Gerard, chairman), VA Prospectus on Research in Aging (Washington, D.C.: Veterans Administration, 1959); J. E. Birren, ed., Handbook of Aging and the Individual: Psychological and Biological Aspects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960); W. L. Marxer and G. R. Cowgill, eds., The Art of Predictive Medicine: The Early Detection of Deteriorative Trends (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1967); A. Comfort, Ageing: The Biology of Senescence, rev. ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964); A. Comfort, The Process of Ageing (London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1965); L. H. Schwartz and Jane L. Schwartz, The Psychodynamics of Patient Care (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1972); W. R. Looft, Change with Age: Review of Intellectual Functioning in Adults — Psychological and Biological Influences, ed. June E. Blum (New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1973); W. H. Glazier, “The Task of Medicine.” Scientific American 228 (1973): 13–17.
  38. . Francis Thompson, from “Ode to the Setting Sun.” in The Poems of Francis Thompson (London: Hollis & Carter, 1946), pp. 212–13.
  39. . Allee et al. (n. 29 above); Alfred E.Emerson, “The Impact of Darwin on Biology. Acta Biotheoretica  15(1962):175–216.
  40. . Wright (n. 9 above).
  41. . Emerson, “Impact of Darwin” (n. 39 above).
  42. . Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis” (n. 6 above).
  43. . Erich Fromm, The Art of Loving (New York: Harper & Bros., 1956).
  44. . Ibid.; Elisabeth Kübler‐Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan Co., 1969].
  45. . S. B. Day, ed., Death and Attitudes toward Death (Minneapolis: Bell Museum of Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1972).
  46. . Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis” (n. 6 above).
  47. . Dwight J. Ingle, “The Nature of Personal Freedom.Zygon  6(1971):39–47.
  48. . Ingle J.Bronowski, “New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans.Zygon  5(1970):18–35; A.Katchalsky, “Thermodynamics of Flow and Biological Organization.Zygon  6 (1971):99–125.